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Aviation and maritime transport

© plainpicture / Aviation

© plainpicture / Aviation

Climate-damaging emissions from international aviation and shipping have been rising sharply for years. There is currently a lack of effective mechanisms to curb these emissions. Aviation is covered by emissions trading at the European level and by the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in the international context, but this has yet to produce ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Shipping is also steadily increasing due to growth in world trade; without appropriate policy measures designed to counter the trend, the EU’s GHG emissions from shipping can be expected to double by 2050 compared to 2010.

The Oeko-Institut has been analysing climate policy instruments in aviation and shipping for many years. The researchers put forward specific proposals on ways to integrate emissions from these sectors into international agreements; they also look at how the EU, for example, can reduce these emissions. This includes proposals on broader integration into EU emissions trading without free allocation of emission allowances, as well as mechanisms to expedite the switch to synthetic renewables-based fuels (e-fuels).

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  • Infographic from Öko-Institut e.V. titled "What does socially just climate protection mean?" showing strategies for sustainable, socially acceptable climate protection. Central box labeled "Socially Just Climate Protection" connects to three approaches: Income support (short-term): Includes transfer payments, climate dividends, and energy payments. Price adjustments (short-term): Includes CO₂ levy, reduction of renewable energy levy, and modernization levy. Reduction in energy consumption and emissions (long-term and lasting): Split into two areas: Energy efficiency / renewable energies: building renovation, heating system replacement, climate-friendly mobility. Behaviour / use: energy-saving advice and sufficiency. Silhouettes of diverse people are shown at the bottom, representing the inclusive impact of these measures.

    What does socially just climate protection mean?

    Image10/21/2025
    What does socially just climate protection mean? Support for the transition to climate-friendly alternatives is the most important lever for shaping sustainable, socially acceptable climate protection.
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  • The twelve largest chemical parks in German industry

    Image07/08/2024
    The twelve largest German chemical parks generated 23 million tonnes of CO2 (mt CO2) in 2022, which corresponds to three percent of German greenhouse gas emissions.
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  • Coastal Ecosystems: Blue Carbon Storage

    Image05/29/2024
    Seagrass meadows, mangrove forests and salt marshes can absorb and store up to 216 million tons of carbon from the atmosphere worldwide every year. Over centuries to millennia, they form an enormous carbon store of up to 22,000 million tons of carbon in marine sediment. At the same time, they make an important contribution to the preservation of biodiversity in the oceans and on the coasts, help to protect against storm surges and coastal protection and thus contribute to the nutrition and safety of millions of people. This is shown in a research report by the Öko-Institut and the Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research commissioned by the German Environment Agency, which examines the importance of coastal ecosystems for global climate protection.
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