The new market mechanism under discussion in the climate negotiations is expected to scale up emission reduction activities in developing countries by covering broad segments of the economy. One of the crucial design elements to consider when establishing market-based mechanisms is the definition of a reference scenario or baseline on the basis of which emission reductions are calculated. This discussion paper provides some insights about how to establish baselines for whole economic sectors in developing countries, drawing on examples with real-world data. Castro, P.; Hayashi, D.; Harthan, R.; Cames, M.; Michaelowa, A. (2012) more informationPDF filedownload (376 kByte)
The Development of Climate Negotiations in View of Doha (COP 18) This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 17 in Durban. It summarises the key developments in 2012 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Durban Agreement and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups. Herold, A.; Cames, M.; Cook, V.; Emele, L. (2012) more informationPDF filedownload (2034 kByte)
The Development of Climate Negotiations in View of Durban (COP 17) This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 17 in Durban. It summarises the key developments in 2011 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Cancún Agreement and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups. Herold, A.; Cames, M. (2011) more informationPDF filedownload (731 kByte)
Incentives for mitigation investments Presentation of the COP17 side-event Post-2012 Market Mechanisms: adressing design and governance challenges. This side-event brings researchers and policymakers to explore the minimum principles, safeguards and governance models needed to establish effective, environmentally sound post-2012 market mechanisms. Cames, M. (2011) more informationPDF filedownload (304 kByte)
The new market-based mechanisms (NMBM) being discussed in the climate change negotiations will require a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that enables a transparent accounting of their contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. This discussion paper analyses how such a MRV system for the new market-based mechanisms can be designed so that it complies with the criteria of environmental integrity, data availability, transparency, cost-efficiency, a sound institutional framework and transferability. To do so, in a first step, the general academic and political discussion on MRV is summarized; then, lessons are drawn from existing MRV systems; finally, proposals are put forward for the MRV of new sectoral market-based mechanisms. Castro, P.; Hayashi, D.; Stadelmann, M.; Michaelowa, A.; Cames, M.; Healy, S. (2011) more informationPDF filedownload (194 kByte)
In the international climate negotiations new market mechanisms are being discussed. Compared to the project based mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), such new mechanisms would lead to a change in the role of emitters, investors and governments. The governments of developing and rapidly developing countries must take on a greater responsibility for the implementation of measures in their countries and ensure the actual reduction of greenhouse gasses being strived for. Dransfeld, B.; Michaelowa, A.; Cames, M.; Healy, S. (2011) more informationPDF filedownload (1 kByte)
Functioning of the ETS and the flexible mechanisms In 2003, the EU established a ‘cap & trade’ emissions trading system (EU ETS) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of large industrial sources such as power plants, refineries and steel works. Since 2005, covered installations need a tradable allowance for each tonne of GHG emission. To ensure a reduction of -71% in 2050 compared to 2005 the cap is constantly reduced. This briefing explains the basic functioning of the EU ETS and how emission reduction projects outside the EU, so called Flexible Mechanisms, can be used for compliance under the EU ETS.
The briefing paper Functioning of the ETS and the flexible mechanisms can be downloaded here >> Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Healy, S. (2011) more informationPDF filedownload (29 kByte)
The development of climate negotiations in view of Cancun (COP 16) This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 15 in Copenhagen. It summarises the key developments in 2010 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Copenhagen Accord and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups. Herold, A.; Cames, M. (2010) more informationPDF filedownload (883 kByte)
Innovationswirkungen des Emissionshandels in der deutschen Stromwirtschaft Ein Hauptziel der Einführung des Emissionshandels in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft war, Innovation in Richtung Treibhausgasminderung zu fördern. In dieser Dissertation wird im Hinblick auf die deutsche Stromwirtschaft analysiert, in welchem Umfang dieses Ziel bisher erreicht wurde und wie die Ausgestaltung des Emissionshandelssystems hinsichtlich der Zielerreichung verbessert werden könnte. Cames, M. (2010) more informationPDF filedownload (1 kByte)
This report explores a sectoral crediting mechanism (SCM) for developing countries in a post-2012 UNFCCC climate regime. The report explores how a SCM could be implemented in practice. Different options for designing a SCM are identified and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Based on this analysis of options, a consistent policy framework for the introduction of a SCM under UNFCCC is proposed. The report focuses on a bottom-up approach where developing countries make proposals for implementing a SCM which are subsequently reviewed and agreed internationally. The report aims at facilitating the negotiation of such a mechanism under the UNFCCC. Schneider, L.; Cames, M. (2009) more informationPDF filedownload (256 kByte)
Ziel dieses Vorhabens war insbesondere die Unterstützung bei der Erstellung des Nationalen Allokationsplans für Deutschland für die Periode 2005-07. Dabei sollten die Allokationsmöglichkeiten auf nationaler Ebene, auf sektoraler Ebene und auf Anlagenebene unter Berücksichtigung der rechtlichen und politischen Vorgaben sowie der vorhandenen Datengrundlagen näher untersucht und bewertet werden. Darüber hinaus sollte auch der politische Aushandlungsprozess auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene beratend begleitet werden. Neben den konzeptionellen Grundlagen der Allokationsplanung standen dabei Fragen der notwendigen Datenbasis, der Berechnungsvarianten für den Makroplan, der allgemeinen und speziellen Zuteilungsregeln sowie institutionelle Fragen im Vordergrund. Außerdem waren kontinuierliche Arbeiten zur Unterstützung und Beratung der Bundesregierung bei der konkreten Erstellung des Allokationsplans und begleitende Gespräche insbesondere mit Vertretern der Wirtschafterforderlich. Ziesing, H.; Diekmann, J.; Kohlhaas, M.; Betz, R.; Bradke, H.; Köwener, D.; Rogge, K.; Schleich, J.; Walz, R.; Cames, M.; Matthes, F. (2007) more informationPDF filedownload (1 kByte)
This study analyses whether Germany should use the flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol or whether it should continue to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets by dint of domestic policies and measures. It estimates the future potential of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms (CDM and JI) and the impacts of its use on the German and the global economy, using an integrated-assessment model. In a Delphi survey, the expectations of international experts on the future prospects of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms are assessed.
The study finishes with an analysis of options for promoting the use of the flexible mechanisms in Germany and concludes that the Federal Government of Germany should establish a project-based mechanisms fund of 25 to 50 million Kyoto units to cover the compliance uncertainties due to unexpected temperature or business cycle variations.
The Study can be downloaded here>> free of charge. Cames, M.; Anger, N.; Böhringer, C.; Harthan, R.; Schneider, L. (2006) more informationPDF filedownload (27 kByte)
This study analyses whether Germany should use the flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol or whether it should continue to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets by dint of domestic policies and measures. It estimates the future potential of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms (CDM and JI) and the impacts of its use on the German and the global economy, using an integrated-assessment model. In a Delphi survey, the expectations of international experts on the future prospects of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms are assessed.
The study finishes with an analysis of options for promoting the use of the flexible mechanisms in Germany and concludes that the Federal Government of Germany should establish a project-based mechanisms fund of 25 to 50 million Kyoto units to cover the compliance uncertainties due to unexpected temperature or business cycle variations.
The Study can be downloaded here>> free of charge. Cames, M.; Anger, N.; Böhringer, C.; Harthan, R.; Schneider, L. (2006) more informationPDF filedownload (27 kByte)
In terms of the introduction of emissions trading in the aviation sector, the question arises as to which actors ought to be obliged to participate in emissions trading. One of the possible options being discussed is to oblige fuel suppliers to prove possession of allowances (upstream approach). By comparison, it is being argued that emissions trading can be partly avoided in this case by dint of increased re-fuelling beyond EU boundaries (tankering). The scope of emissions trading would not only thereby be reduced, but also greenhouse gas emissions would actually increase, since more fuel is consumed for every tonne of fuel that has to be additionally carried (fuel penalty). Cames, M. (2006) more informationPDF filedownload (26 kByte)
Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of European Countries with regard to the Impact of Policies & Measures The study investigates the climate policies of the European countries and evaluates their contribution to greenhouse gas reductions that have already been achieved as well as those which are projected for the future. It is based on a decomposition analysis which allows the driving forces of greenhouse gas emissions to be identified and compared. This analysis is supported by an in-depth analysis of selected policies (renewable energy supply, combined heat and power and waste). The analysis shows that the climate policies of all EU Member States can be improved at one point or another and that starting points for the further investigation of potential policy improvements can be identified for each EU Member State.
The Analysis can be downloaded at www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3029.pdf Deuber,O.; Cames, M.; Poetzsch, S.; Repenning, J. (2005) more informationPDF filedownload (27 kByte)
The operation and navigation of civil aircraft on domestic flights fall outsidethe scope of the Convention.
The Chicago Convention does not address the issue of emission trading. But,according to its Preamble, the Chicago Convention relates also to establishing international air transport services on the basis of equality of opportunity and sound and economical operation. As emissions trading might in principle have implications in this respect, it is relevant to assess whether the Convention contains any requirements or obstacles with regard to the coverage of international flights by an EU emissions trading scheme.
As outlined in section B, the EU emissions trading scheme can be considered to constitute laws and regulations relating to the admission to and/or departure of aircraft from its territory pursuant to Article 11 of the Convention. Therefore, the requirement in Article 11 of the Convention not to discriminate as to nationality of aircraft needs to be respected. Any EU emissions trading system must thus treat all aircraft engaged in international air navigation without distinction as to nationality.
The coverage of international aviation under the EU emissions trading scheme does not find limits under Article 12 “Rules of the air”, Article 15 “Airport and similar charges” or Article 24 “Customs duty” of the Convention.
Emissions trading in international civil aviation The contribution of international aviation to the greenhouse effect is increasing continually. The study investigates how the contribution of aviation can be reduced or limited through emissions trading. Not only are different design options (trading regime, basis for assessment, obligated parties etc.) examined, but also the avoidance costs and potentials of different reduction measures (flight route optimization, early retirement of aircraft, improvement of aerodynamics etc.) Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Rath, U. (2004) more informationPDF filedownload (1147 kByte)
Emissions trading in international civil aviation The contribution of international aviation to the greenhouse effect is increasing continually. The study investigates how the contribution of aviation can be reduced or limited through emissions trading. Not only are different design options (trading regime, basis for assessment, obligated parties etc.) examined, but also the avoidance costs and potentials of different reduction measures (flight route optimization, early retirement of aircraft, improvement of aerodynamics etc.) Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Rath, U. (2004) more informationPDF filedownload (1089 kByte)
Impacts of a European emissions trading system upon German industry + volume of appendices Emissions trading has many advantages as a global climate policy instrument. Nonetheless, the Institute considers that it should not be the only instrument deployed to cut harmful carbon dioxide emissions and thus reduce negative environmental impacts. Dr. Felix Christian Matthes, the Institute’s energy expert at its Berlin office, shares this view, stating that: “It will be essential to deploy a mix of climate policy instruments in future”.
(available only in German language) Matthes, F.; Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Repenning, J.; Harnisch, J.; Kohlhaas, M.; Schumacher, K. (2003) more informationPDF filedownload (3214 kByte)
The situation on the German employment market is still tense. The employment effects of environmental protection are therefore – as in the past – much discussed among researchers and politicians. The study identifies innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection, and explains how this potential can be exploited. Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Deuber,O. (2003) more informationPDF filedownload (151 kByte)
The situation on the German employment market is still tense. The employment effects of environmental protection are therefore – as in the past – much discussed among researchers and politicians. The study identifies innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection, and explains how this potential can be exploited. Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Deuber,O. (2003) more informationPDF filedownload (140 kByte)
Berliner Bäderbetriebe is the municipally-owned company running the public baths of Berlin, and is the largest municipal enterprise of its kind in Germany. The enterprise recently signed a contract with a contract energy management company (‘contractor’), under which the contractor will invest a total of € 7.9 million in high-efficiency plant to be installed in eleven swimming pools. This will put Bäderbetriebe in a position to cut annual energy and water costs by at least 33.5% without needing to make any investment of its own. This corresponds to about € 1.6 million annually. Of these cost savings, Bäderbetriebe will receive throughout the contract term of ten years € 325,000 annually, which will contribute substantially to reducing current strains on its budget. After the ten years, Bäderbetriebe will profit in full from the cost reductions provided by the new equipment. Through this win-win strategy Bäderbetriebe has succeeded in coping with the dilemma of the major investment needed for technical upgrading on the one side and the lack of financial resources on the other, while at the same time achieving a net improvement of its budget. There is also the important environmental and climate protection gain of having tapped the substantial CO2 abatement potential of 5000 tonnes annually.
(available only in German language) Cames, M.; Poetzsch, S.; Ilchmann, S.; Kuhn, V.; Brüne, F.; Graf, G. (2002) more informationPDF filedownload (591 kByte)
Analysis and comparison of the flexible instruments established by the Kyoto Protocol The German Study Commission (Enquête-Kommission) has the task of developing and debating mid- to long-term strategies for sustainable energy supply. As well as defining objectives and potential solutions, a key task is to identify appropriate policy instruments. There is considerable freedom of choice here, although the selection of instruments must be viewed in the context of the problem structure, objectives, timeframe, integration of the instruments into national and international programmes, and overall economic, social and cultural conditions.
(available only in German language) Cames, M.; Herold, A.; Kohlhaas, M.; Schumacher, K.; Timpe, C. (2001) more informationPDF filedownload (1593 kByte)
The aim of the project was to identify areas in households and the tertiary sector in which changes in behaviour could result in energy conservation and thus a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The potentials for reduction are to be quantified. All estimates were based on 2005 and 2020 compared with the reference year 1995. CO2 emissions in Germany in 1995 totalled 912 million tons of which households accounted for 27 % and the tertiary sector 18 %.
DOCUMENT ONLY AVAILABLE IN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Brohmann, B.; Cames, M.; Herold, A. (2000) more informationPDF filedownload (839 kByte)
On April 26, 1986, reactor 4 exploded at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine, setting off the worst catastrophe in the civilian use of atomic energy ever. The radioactive cloud that drifted over Belarus and a large part of northern and western Europe only had a brief effect on politics in Germany: ten years after the reactor catastrophe, 19 nuclear power plants are still in operation, generating a third of the electricity consumed. Putting an end to the generation of nuclear energy is just as urgent and important today as it was ten years ago.
(available only in German language) Fritsche, U. R.; Cames, M.; Loose, W.; Lücking, G.; Timpe, C. (1990) more informationPDF filedownload (560 kByte)