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A list of publications by Oeko-Institut which are available online can be found here. A detailed overview of publications by the different research divisions can be found under References. Subscribe to Oeko-Institut's latest publications as RSS feed.

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  Solving the E-Waste Problem (StEP) Green Paper - E-waste Country Study Ethiopia

  The generation and management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) is an increasing concern in many African countries. Attempts to bridge the digital divide as well as rapid economic development continue to boost the market penetration of many types of electricity powered devices. This also leads to rapidly increasing e-waste volumes, which are mostly not yet managed in an environmentally sound manner. In order to build a strong foundation for the development of Ethiopia’s e-waste management strategy, it was deemed necessary to generate reliable data on e-waste volumes and current management practices and options, as well as to investigate possibilities for improved e-waste management and other relevant aspects. This study, financed by the Solving the E-waste Problem (StEP) Initiative under a grant of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), was jointly carried out by the Oeko-Institut e.V. and PAN-Ethiopia. It aims to fill key knowledge gaps and provide a more solid base for further decision making for both, national decision-makers and co-operation projects in this field. The information contained in this report is derived from existing literature sources and statistics, interviews conducted in Ethiopia, and field assessments in Addis Ababa in August 2012.
  Manhart, A.; Amera, T.; Mehari, B. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (1632 kByte)
• Thinking and researching in networks - Annual report of the Oeko-Institut 2012

  v. A. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (1170 kByte)
• Repair emissions trading – rescue emissions trading!

  Guest commentary for Reuters by Dr. Felix Christian Matthes
  
  The emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gases is one of the crucial climate policy instruments in Europe. Eight years after the start of the scheme, it is in deep crisis for different reasons. In a guest commentary for the news agency Reuters Felix Chr. Matthes describes the underlying reasons of the crisis, elements of a strategy to repair the scheme and the consequences of these efforts failing.
  Matthes, F. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (123 kByte)
• Contribution to the consultation on generation adequacy, capacity mechanisms and the internal market in electricity

  The transformation of the German and European energy systems to ones based on renewable energies requires not only new technologies with constantly low costs, but also a change of the power markets. For the integration of renewable energies and to ensure the security of supply for the upcoming transitional phase, the current power market is no longer appropriate. 15 years after liberalization began and with a view to the ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and expand renewable energies, the electricity market must be significantly changed. However, in the context of the European internal energy market, this new market design has not only a national but also a European dimension. Against the background of the diverse issues and challenges involved, the European Commission carried out a consultation procedure on “Generation Adequacy, Capacity Mechanisms and the Internal Market in Electricity”. Öko-Institut (Institute for Applied Ecology) has provided detailed comments on very diverse issues in this consultation process. This consultation paper addresses issues relating to the necessity for new market elements (“capacity markets”), to the design of such rules and to their integration in the European framework.
  Matthes, F.; Hermann, H. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (460 kByte)
• Impacts of Germany’s nuclear phase-out on electricity imports and exports

  Report commissioned by Greenpeace Germany
  
  Imports of nuclear power to Germany did not increase after the shutdown of eight nuclear power plants in March 2011. This is the conclusion of a report by Oeko-Institut which was commissioned by Greenpeace.
  Loreck, C.; Hermann, H.; Matthes, F.; Emele, L.; Rausch, L. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (14283 kByte)
• Description and critical environmental evaluation of the REE refining plant LAMP near Kuantan/Malaysia - Presentation

  Presentation of the main results of the report prepared on behalf of SMSL. Presented at the press conference, Kuala Lumpur/Darmstadt, 26.01.2013
  Schmidt, G. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (849 kByte)
• Description and critical environmental evaluation of the REE refining plant LAMP near Kuantan/Malaysia - Report

  Radiological and non-radiological environ-mental consequences of the plant’s opera-tion and its wastes
  
  The facility for refining Australian ore concentrate rich in rare earth metals of Lynas Corporation in Malaysia has several deficiencies concerning the operational environmental impacts. The environment is affected by acidic substances as well as from dust particles, which are emitted into the air in substantially larger concentrations than would be state-of-the-art in off-gas treatment in Europe. The storage of radioactive and toxic wastes on site does not prevent leachate from leaving the facility and entering ground and groundwater. For the long-term disposal of wastes under acceptable conditions concerning radiation safety a sustainable concept is still missing. These are the results of a study of Oeko-Institute on behalf of the Malaysian NGO SMSL.
  Schmidt, G. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (2813 kByte)
• Description and critical environmental evaluation of the REE refining plant LAMP near Kuantan/Malaysia - Summary

  Radiological and non-radiological environ-mental consequences of the plant’s opera-tion and its wastes
  
  The facility for refining Australian ore concentrate rich in rare earth metals of Lynas Corporation in Malaysia has several deficiencies concerning the operational environmental impacts. The environment is affected by acidic substances as well as from dust particles, which are emitted into the air in substantially larger concentrations than would be state-of-the-art in off-gas treatment in Europe. The storage of radioactive and toxic wastes on site does not prevent leachate from leaving the facility and entering ground and groundwater. For the long-term disposal of wastes under acceptable conditions concerning radiation safety a sustainable concept is still missing. These are the results of a study of Oeko-Institute on behalf of the Malaysian NGO SMSL.
  Schmidt, G. (2013)
  more information     PDF file download (116 kByte)
• Nuclear Regulatory Systems - Lecture

  Lecture by Dr. Christoph Pistner, Global Conference for a Nuclear Power Free World 2, Dec 15-16, 2012; Hibiya, Tokyo
  Pistner, C. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (107 kByte)
• Nuclear Regulatory Systems - Slides

  Slides by Dr. Christoph Pistner, Global Conference for a Nuclear Power Free World 2, Dec 15-16, 2012; Hibiya, Tokyo
  Pistner, C. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (494 kByte)
• Setting baselines for the new market mechanism: Examples from the power, cement and buildings sectors

  Discussion paper
  
  The new market mechanism under discussion in the climate negotiations is expected to scale up emission reduction activities in developing countries by covering broad segments of the economy. One of the crucial design elements to consider when establishing market-based mechanisms is the definition of a reference scenario or baseline on the basis of which emission reductions are calculated. This discussion paper provides some insights about how to establish baselines for whole economic sectors in developing countries, drawing on examples with real-world data.
  Castro, P.; Hayashi, D.; Harthan, R.; Cames, M.; Michaelowa, A. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (376 kByte)
• GHG Mitigation in the EU: An overview of the current policy landscape

  In 2009, the European Union (EU) pledged a unilateral greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 20 percent below 1990 levels by 2020, rising to 30 percent if “other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions” (European Council 2009). The EU’s GHG target forms one pillar of a so-called 20-20-20 package that, in addition to the 20 percent GHG reduction, demands a 20 percent share of renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption along with a 20 percent improvement in energy efficiency by 2020. In addition to its 2020 targets, the EU has also set a long-term GHG reduction goal of 80 to 95 percent from 1990 levels by 2050. In the context of these goals, this report provides a summary of existing and emerging EU policies that are likely to reduce GHG emissions across the EU. Our analysis focuses on policies that are mandatory or provide a financial incentive, such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) – a cornerstone of EU climate policy – the Renewable Energy Directive, and the Biofuels Directive. We discuss the relationship of these policies to the EU’s GHG and energy targets, and identify key issues to watch in the EU’s evolving policy landscape. This report draws on projections from the “Energy Roadmap 2050” to assess whether the EU is on track to reach its GHG, renewable energy and energy efficiency targets. We find that the EU is on track to surpass its 2020 GHG reduction and renewable energy targets based on current policies, but that additional measures will be required to meet the 2020 energy efficiency target and the 2050 GHG reduction goal.
  Förster, H.; Cludius, J.; Graichen, V. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (776 kByte)
• The Development of Climate Negotiations in View of Doha (COP 18)

  This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 17 in Durban. It summarises the key developments in 2012 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Durban Agreement and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups.
  Herold, A.; Cames, M.; Cook, V.; Emele, L. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (2034 kByte)
• The Cost of Inaction

  Auctioning revenues under different climate ambition scenarios for the EU Emissions Trading Scheme
  
  The aim of the study is to show how the analysed scenarios impact the auctioning revenues for the different Member States and the extent to which they affect industrial sectors covered by the EU ETS Directive.
  Hermann, H.; Graichen, V. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (479 kByte)
• Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012 - Tracking progress towards Kyoto and 2020 targets

  This report presents an overview of the progress achieved so far by the EU, its Member States and other EEA member countries towards their respective targets under the Kyoto Protocol and the EU burden-sharing agreement, as well as 2020 targets set at EU level. The assessment is based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data in Europe for the period 2008-2011, including recent EEA estimates of proxy 2011 GHG emissions.
  Herold, A.; Hermann, H.; Graichen, V.; Gores, S.; Döring, U.; Emele, L.; Scheffler, M. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Short analysis of the increase of the German EEG surcharge for 2013

  On 15 October 2012 the transmission network operators in Germany published the new EEG surcharge for the promotion of renewable energies which household customers will find on their electricity bill in 2013: it amounts to approx. 5.3 ct/kWh. In 2012 the surcharge stood at 3.6 ct/kWh. Oeko-Institut explains the key factors for the increase in a short analysis. Less than half the increase is caused by the additional expansion of renewable energies in 2013. This analysis is available in both German and English.
  Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Hermann, H.; Jung, F.; Emele, L. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (287 kByte)
• Decomposition analysis of EEG surcharge for promotion of power generation from renewable energies under the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)

  Summary
  
  The influence of very diverse factors on the German EEG surcharge makes it difficult to attribute specific shares of the surcharge to the rules and factors at hand. In the case of a sequential analysis (where the factors are layered on one after the other) the ranking of the influencing factors considered plays a substantial, and sometimes an overriding, role in quantitatively specifying the shares of the different factors. Against this background it is necessary to use a more suitable method to analyse the composition of the German EEG surcharge. For a multi-factorial problem requiring explanation such as this, so-called component or decomposition analysis can be used.
  Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Hermann, H.; Jung, F. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (137 kByte)
• Focused capacity markets. A new market design for the transition to a new energy system

  A study for the WWF Germany environmental foundation
  
  The focused capacity market constitutes a pragmatic and, compared to the models of a comprehensive capacity market and a strategic reserve discussed up to now, a very advantageous instrument for tackling the current and foreseeable challenges with regard to security of supply. At the same time a focused capacity market can make a substantial contribution to flanking the transformation of the energy system to one based on renewable energies and maintaining a high intensity of competition in the electricity market while substantially limiting the costs for electricity consumers.
  Matthes, F.; Schlemmermeier, B.; Diermann, C.; Hermann, H.; v. Hammerstein, C. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1366 kByte)
• Focused capacity markets. A new market design for the transition to a new energy system - Short version

  The focused capacity market constitutes a pragmatic and, compared to the models of a comprehensive capacity market and a strategic reserve discussed up to now, a very advantageous instrument for tackling the current and foreseeable challenges with regard to security of supply. At the same time a focused capacity market can make a substantial contribution to flanking the transformation of the energy system to one based on renewable energies and maintaining a high intensity of competition in the electricity market while substantially limiting the costs for electricity consumers.
  Matthes, F.; Schlemmermeier, B.; Diermann, C.; Hermann, H.; v. Hammerstein, C. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (79 kByte)
• Timely replacement of a notebook under consideration of environmental aspects

  The study concludes that the share of the production phase in the total greenhouse gas emissions of a notebook can be significantly reduced by taking measures to extend the useful life-time of a notebook. Therefore, the study recommends that the focus of mandatory product policy for ICT should be expanded to measures related to possibilities of hardware upgrading, modular construction, recycling-friendly design, availability of spare parts, standardisation of components and minimum warranty periods.
  Prakash, S.; Liu, R.; Schischke, K.; Stobbe, L. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1702 kByte)
• Ex-post quantification of the effects and costs of policies and measures

  The study aims to support Member States and the European Commission in assessing ex-post the efficiency and effectiveness of individual policies and measures. As such the study aims to provide guidelines and recommendations to assess the environmental impacts and socio-economic effects of policies and measures.
  Schumacher, K.; Herold, A.; Koch, M.; Döring, U.; Harthan, R.; Jörß, W.; Pollitt, H.; Grebot, B.; Mardsen, H.; Sobey, M.; Noden, R.; Mistry, R.; Hill, J.; Harmelink, M.; Pulles, T.; Jozwicka, M.; Smokers, R.; Bolech, M.; Coenen, P.; Kuenen, J. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Early Replacement of Notebooks Considering Environmental Impacts

  Presentation by Siddharth Prakash at the Electronics Goes Green Conference 2012, Berlin.
  Prakash, S. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (875 kByte)
• The Future Perspective of the Electricity Market – Unbundling and Market Integration: A German Perspective

  Lecture by Dr. Felix Chr. Matthes at the International Symposium “Towards YR2030 and Beyond”, Japan Renewable Energy Foundation (JREF). Tokyo, 6 September 2012
  Matthes, F. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (511 kByte)
• International payments for ecosystem services: a governance strategy for sustainability?

  Lecture by Franziska Wolff (Oeko-Institut) at the International Sustainability Conference in Basel (CH), 30 August 2012
  Wolff, F. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (831 kByte)
• Metastudy Analysis on 2050 Energy Scenarios - Policy Briefing

  SEFEP working paper 2012-5
  
  The need for an "Energy Roadmap 2050" triggered a multitude of studies that were conducted between 2009 and 2011, which again contained a multitude of decarbonisation scenarios, which achieve the EU’s long-term emission mitigation target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% until 2050 (relative to 1990 emissions). The variety of important analysis is difficult to compare and utilize for specific and timely policy decisions. Thus the Smart Energy for Europe Platform (SEFEP) has commissioned a comparative study of relevant energy scenario studies for Europe. The findings of this comparative study are summarized here briefly.
  Förster, H.; Healy, S.; Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Fischedick, M.; Lechtenböhmer, S.; Samadi, S.; Venjakob, J. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (601 kByte)
• Price Determinants of the European Carbon Market and Interactions with Energy Markets

  This report explores the determinants of short run price movements in the carbon market and their interaction with energy markets, in particular with the electricity market. Focusing on Phase 2 of the EU ETS we conduct econometric time series analysis based on continental EU and UK market data. Our findings suggest that market fundamentals have a dominant effect on the EUA price, but that non-fundamental factors may also play a role. We further found that the electricity price has a significant positive impact on the carbon price in the short run.
  Schumacher, K.; Cludius, J.; Matthes, F.; Diekmann, J.; Zaklan, A. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Contribution of Renewable Cooling to the Renewable Energy Target of the EU

  This renewable cooling policy report intends to support the dissemination of renewable cooling technologies. It provides an overview of the situation, technologies and potential for cooling from renewable sources and identifies key areas in which further investigation is required. The report shows that there is a great need for the creation of a political framework supporting the market diffusion of renewable cooling technologies.
  Kenkmann, T.; Bürger, V. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (838 kByte)
• Strengthening the European Union emissons trading scheme and raising climate ambition

  Facts, Measures and Implications
  
  The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is a central pillar of EU climate policy and has developed over the years into a model scheme for a number of corresponding emissions trading schemes internationally (e.g. in California, Australia, South Korea and China). Against the background of significantly falling prices for emission allowances, a number of measures are currently being discussed for adapting the EU ETS so that it can also fulfil its intended role in the long term. Oeko-Institut‘s report examines the reasons for the current surplus of emission allowances and analyses different options for reducing this surplus, also with a view to expected price effects on the carbon market.
  Hermann, H.; Matthes, F. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (733 kByte)
• Modelling the Allowance Allocation Method of the EU ETS: Cement

  The aim of this paper is to show the implications of different ways of implementing free allocation in a model environment. Especially, the impact of current allocation rules both for incumbents and new entrants in the cement sector in relation to operational and strategic decisions of firms are assessed.
  Quirion, P.; Schumacher, K.; Healy, S. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Analysis of the EU’s Energy Roadmap 2050 scenarios

  Information for Policy Makers 2 - SEFEP working paper 2012
  
  This report has been commissioned by the Smart Energy for Europe Platform (SEFEP).
  Förster, H.; Healy, S.; Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Fischedick, M.; Lechtenböhmer, S.; Samadi, S.; Venjakob, J. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1004 kByte)
• Application of S-LCA: From artisanal mining to complex products

  Lecture by Siddharth Prakash at the workshop on Practical Aspects of Social Life Cycle Assessment, Berlin, 25.05.2012
  Prakash, S. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (637 kByte)
• Product classification and its implication on competitiveness and carbon leakage: Aluminium Climate Strategies Report

  The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the production output, specific emissions and trading patterns of the aluminium sector at the disaggregated product level in order to determine whether certain products require special consideration when designing policies to improve the competitiveness of European firms and to prevent carbon leakage.
  Healy, S.; Schumacher, K. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Product Classification and it`s implication on Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage: Pulp, Paper and Paperboard

  The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the production output, specific emissions and trading patterns of the pulp, paper and paperboard sectors at the disaggregated product level in order to determine whether certain products require special consideration when designing policies to improve the competitiveness of European firms and to prevent carbon leakage.
  Healy, S.; Schumacher, K. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Annual Report 2011

  v. A. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1891 kByte)
• E-waste Africa Project - From Europe to West-Africa

  Lecture by Andreas Manhart at the Pan-African Summit on E-waste, 14.-16.03.2012, Nairobi
  Manhart, A. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (328 kByte)
• E-waste Africa Project - Impacts of current recycling practices and recommendations for collection and recycling

  Lecture by Andreas Manhart at the Pan-African Summit on E-waste, 14.-16.03.2012, Nairobi
  Manhart, A. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1315 kByte)
• Integration of electricity from renewables to the electricity grid and to the electricity market – RES-INTEGRATION

  This report provides an assessment of how different countries are reacting to the challenges brought about by the new setting in terms of adaptation of the grid and the market to the rapid increase of RES-E. This assessment is provided in four areas, i.e. an assessment of RES-E integration in the phases of grid connection, operation, development and in the market.
  Binda Zane, E.; Brückmann, R.; Bauknecht, D.; Jirouš, F.; Piria, R.; Trennepohl, N.; Bracker, J.; Frank, R.; Herling, J. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (3041 kByte)
• Electromobility: a trigger for market success of carsharing?

  Webinar - Our Future Mobility Now, 27 February 2012
  Kasten, P. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (669 kByte)
• Recycling critical raw materials from waste electronic equipment

  The project`s aims are to produce a life cycle inventory of the occurrence of the critical raw materials in four selected groups of electronic devices – flat screens, LED lights, notebooks and smartphones – and to develop recycling options for the waste equipment to recover the critical raw materials
  Buchert, M.; Manhart, A.; Bleher, D.; Pingel, D. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (2911 kByte)
• Decentralized, Resource-Saving, Efficient: Building Blocks for a Sustainable Energy Supply

  During the summer of 2011, the German government decided with the so-called “energy turnaround” to discontinue the use of nuclear power and to shift the provision of energy to renewable energy sources, step by step. Moreover, the decision provides for a massive improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings, machinery and facilities and the expansion of combined heat and power generation. The realization of these objectives is a decisive prerequisite if Germany is to achieve the fast and extensive reduction of its greenhouse gas emissions required from the perspective of global climate protection.
  Kenkmann, T.; Timpe, C. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (234 kByte)
• Transforming the Grid

  Electricity System Governance and Network Integration of Distributed Generation
  
  The transformation of electricity systems requires new networks. However, network regulation has mainly aimed at cost reduction of existing networks via incentive regulation. This book analyses if and how network regulation can accommodate these new challenges.
  Bauknecht, D. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Study on Land-Sourced Litter (LSL) in the marine environment

  Review of sources and literature
  
  The Oeko-Institut was commissioned to study existing literature, focusing its attention on three European seas, i.e. the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. All the available studies into land-sourced litter, i.e. litter which gets into the three seas from land, was collected and analysed. In order to develop a scientifically founded basis for taking specific measures to avoid further dumping, this particular factor was to be examined closely. This report has consciously not considered other factors, such as ecological impact, the part that legislation has to play and the significance of education and behaviour.
  Mehlhart, G.; Blepp, M. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (3702 kByte)
• Decarbonisation Scenarios leading to the EU Energy Roadmap 2050

  Information for Policy Makers 1 - SEFEP working paper 2012
  
  This paper presents the results of an in‐depth analysis and a comparison of six mitigation scenarios from three important scenario studies released since 2009 by Greenpeace, EURELECTRIC and the European Climate Foundation (ECF) respectively. A decomposition method is applied to show the extent to which technologies and strategies contribute to CO2 emission reductions in the individual scenarios.
  Förster, H.; Healy, S.; Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Fischedick, M.; Samadi, S.; Venjakob, J. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (817 kByte)
• Power sector decarbonisation: Metastudy WP 1.2

  Comparison Methodology
  
  The present document provides the suggestion for an analytical framework to decompose emission reductions in the power sector based on data retrieved from studies which provide scenarios of power sector decarbonisation. With the given approach and under sufficient data availability it will be possible to reveal the contributions of demand side effects such as changing consumption patterns in traditional and new appliances and increased electricity demand of new appliances and storage inputs. At the same time a changing power generation structure also contributes to emission reductions and can be explicitly considered. Electricity generation from CCS can be considered if data availability if sufficiently documented and the analysis proceeds as laid out in the Appendix.
  Förster, H.; Healy, S.; Loreck, C.; Matthes, F. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (146 kByte)
• Power sector decarbonisation: Metastudy WP 2.2

  Quantitative analysis of existing EU-wide studies
  
  The scope of the “Power Sector Decarbonisation: Metastudy” research project is to provide an overview of the relevant energy scenarios in order to help overcome the described difficulties by applying the so-called decomposition methodology. Analysing different scenario studies with this method involves systematically disaggregating their calculated emission reductions into the underlying causal factors (or components). By this decomposition of the CO2 emissions the methodology provides value added in increasing the transparency of modelling exercises within the various scenario studies.
  Acuner, E.; Arnold, H.; Cludius, J.; Fischedick, M.; Förster, H.; Friege, J.; Healy, S.; Loreck, C.; Matthes, F.; Prantner, M.; Samadi, S.; Venjakob, J. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (938 kByte)
• Are electric vehicles the mode of the future? Potentials and environmental impacts

  Background paper on electric mobility
  
  Yet many questions concerning the environmental and climate benefits of electric mobility remain to be clarified, as do issues of market potentials and user acceptance. The Oeko-Institut has conducted research into these and other matters: this paper presents the key findings on the private and commercial use of electric vehicles and on resource efficiency.
  Hacker, F.; Kasten, P.; Loreck, C.; Buchert, M. (2012)
  more information     PDF file download (195 kByte)
• Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment

  Making informed choices on products
  
  Since the late 1990s, the Life Cycle Initiative partnership of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) has enhanced the role of life cycle based approaches and thinking in several ways. Two examples are the partnership’s contributions to the Marrakech Process on Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) and inputs for the development of a 10-Year Framework of Programmes on SCP (10YFP). This current publication, Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, expands this work by bringing the concept of LCSA methods to the fore. In doing so, it will contribute to the sustainable development discussions of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Summit) in 2012 (‘Rio+20’). The text will also contribute to the UNEP Green Economy Initiative – which strives to build economies that bring improved human well-being, reduce inequalities over the long term and which keep future generations safe from environmental risk and ecological scarcity.
  Ciroth, A.; Finkbeiner, M.; Hildenbrand, J.; Klöpffer, W.; Mazijn, B.; Prakash, S.; Sonnemann, G.; Traverso, M.; Ugaya, C.; Valdivia, S.; Vickery-Niederman, G. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• E-Waste Africa Project

  The results and findings presented in this publication have been generated in the framework of the Basel Convention E-waste Africa programme, which aims at enhancing the environmental governance of e-wastes and creating favourable social and economic conditions for partnerships and small businesses in the recycling sector in Africa. The initial phase of the programme consists of the E-waste Africa project and complementary activities triggered by the project and implemented by partner organizations. Following completion of the E-waste Africa project, follow-up activities are expected to be carried out supporting countries in the region to tackle e-waste issues. Further information: www.basel.int
  Manhart, A.; Prakash, S.; Hermann, A.; Seum, S. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1327 kByte)
• Instruments for the Replacement of Old Appliances

  Common appliance policy – All for one, One for all – Energy Labels
  
  This report focuses on instruments intended to promote the replacement of less efficient appliances and the market penetration of more efficient ones. Its main objective is to create an overview of possible instruments, mention their respective advantages and drawbacks, and to present good practice examples.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Fischer, C. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• RES-E Market Integration

  RES Integration Final Conference, Brussels, 7 December 2011
  Bauknecht, D. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (582 kByte)
• The Development of Climate Negotiations in View of Durban (COP 17)

  This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 17 in Durban. It summarises the key developments in 2011 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Cancún Agreement and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups.
  Herold, A.; Cames, M. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (731 kByte)
• Incentives for mitigation investments

  Presentation of the COP17 side-event Post-2012 Market Mechanisms: adressing design and governance challenges. This side-event brings researchers and policymakers to explore the minimum principles, safeguards and governance models needed to establish effective, environmentally sound post-2012 market mechanisms.
  Cames, M. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (304 kByte)
• Social impacts of artisanal cobalt mining in Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo

  Between 67,000 and 108,000 workers are involved in the extraction of cobalt in mostly unregistered mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They frequently work under dangerous conditions; fatal accidents are the order of the day. Each year more than one hundred people die in Congolese mines as a result of landslides, shaft collapses and flooding. Child labour is also common: 19,000 to 30,000 children under the age of 15 extract or wash the ore, and separate the extracted minerals.
  Tsurukawa, N.; Prakash, S.; Manhart, A. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (2769 kByte)
• Resource efficiency and resource-policy aspects of the electro-mobility system - Results

  This presentation outlines some of the results, together with conclusions and recommendations for action.
  Buchert, M. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (2658 kByte)
• Explaining the construction of global carbon markets: REDD+ as a test case?

  Market-based instruments increasingly shape international environmental governance. Against this background, this paper puts forward a conceptual framework on the development of regulated global carbon markets. Regarding the adoption of carbon trading as an instance of wider shifts in governance allows us to benefit from the rich literature on (international) institutional change. At the same time it enables us to integrate existing social science accounts of the construction of carbon markets into a more generic conceptualisation. An analytical framework is suggested that models a set of five (recursively interacting) factors as causes of and influences on the development of international carbon markets: actor interests; power distribution; discourses; institutional dynamics and interaction; and exogenous shocks. The framework is applied to the empirical example of the emerging UNFCCC mechanism for `Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries` (REDD+). Finally, the generalisability of the findings is discussed.
  Wolff, F. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Solving the MRV challenge for new market-based mechanisms: What can past experience teach us?

  Discussion Paper
  
  The new market-based mechanisms (NMBM) being discussed in the climate change negotiations will require a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that enables a transparent accounting of their contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. This discussion paper analyses how such a MRV system for the new market-based mechanisms can be designed so that it complies with the criteria of environmental integrity, data availability, transparency, cost-efficiency, a sound institutional framework and transferability. To do so, in a first step, the general academic and political discussion on MRV is summarized; then, lessons are drawn from existing MRV systems; finally, proposals are put forward for the MRV of new sectoral market-based mechanisms.
  Castro, P.; Hayashi, D.; Stadelmann, M.; Michaelowa, A.; Cames, M.; Healy, S. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (194 kByte)
• Environmental impacts of electric mobility and interactions with the electricity sector in Germany

  4th German-Japanese Environmental Dialogue Forum Electric Mobility and Smart Grids: Strategies and Technologies Tokyo, 17 and 18 November 2011
  Hacker, F. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1246 kByte)
• Germany’s nuclear phase-out

  Content:
  • The German Power System
  • History of phase-out decisions
  • Electricity Prices
  • Import Export Effects
  
  Loreck, C. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (2593 kByte)
• Preparatory study for a review of Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases - Final report

  Prepared for the European Commission in the context of Service Contract No 070307/2009/548866/SER/C4
  
  The objective of this project was to assist the Commission in reviewing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 by providing technical data, analyses and general support. The project included the following tasks:
  • A review of relevant F-gas markets and policies internationally as well as in the EU-27, including investigation of possible interactions, complementarities or overlaps amongst the EU F-gas policy framework (F-gas Regulation and MAC Directive) and other EU or international policies. An assessment of the effectiveness of current EU F-gas policy, through the development of appropriate models and datasets for emission scenarios in EU-27 and an ex-post assessment of the key elements in the current EU F-gas policy.
  • An assessment of the feasibility of emerging options for an international emission reduction arrangement for HFCs and, if appropriate, other F-gases by assessing the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the replacement of F-gases, developing and comparing scenarios for the control of supply and/or production of HFCs while considering any other elements that could be appropriate to complement a possible international reduction arrangement for HFCs.
  • The development of options and recommendations for the review of the F-gas Regulation and an analysis of their impacts.
  
  Herold, A.; Gores, S.; et al. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Application of rare earths in consumer electronics and challenges for recycling

  The presentation “Application of rare earths in consumer electronics and challenges for recycling” was held by our colleague Ran Liu on the International Conference on Consumer Electronics on 8. September 2011, which focused on rare earths relevance for consumer applications.
  Buchert, M.; Degreif, S.; Manhart, A.; Merz, C.; Schüler, D.; Liu, R. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (373 kByte)
• Rare Earths - a Bottleneck for future Wind Turbine Technologies?

  Our colleague Dr. Matthias Buchert talked at the conference “Wind Turbine Supply Chain & Logistics” in August about the interlinkage between wind energy growth and rare earths demand.
  Buchert, M. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (434 kByte)
• Post2012 climate regime options for global GHG emission reduction

  Analysis and evaluation of regime options and reduction potential for achieving the 2° degree target with respect to environmental effectiveness, costs and institutional aspects
  
  This report explores the environmental and economic effects of the pledges submitted by industrialized and major developing countries for 2020 under the Copenhagen Accord and provides an in-depth comparison with results arrived at in other model analyses. Two scenarios reflect the lower (“weak”) and upper (“ambitious”) bounds of the Copenhagen pledges. In addition, two scenarios in accordance with the IPCC range for reaching a 2°C target are analyzed with industrialized countries in aggregate reducing their CO2 emissions by 30 % in 2020 compared to 1990 levels. For all four policy scenarios the effects of emission paths leading to a global reduction target of 50 % below 1990 levels in 2050 are also simulated for 2030. In addition, a separate scenario is carried out which estimates the costs of an unconditioned EU 30 % emission reduction target, i.e. where the EU adopts a 30 % emission reduction target in 2020 (rather than a 20 % reduction target), while all other countries stick with their “weak” pledges. Not included in the calculations is possible financial support for developing countries from industrialized countries as currently discussed in the climate change negotiations and laid out in the Copenhagen Accord.
  Schumacher, K.; Graichen, J.; Healy, S.; Schleich, J.; Duscha, V. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1422 kByte)
• eupopp

  Policies to Promote Sustainable Consumption Patterns in Europe
  
  How effecitve are sustainable consumption Policies in the EU-27?
  Barth, R.; Brohmann, B. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (6062 kByte)
• Warming up to renewable heat

  Policy Options Boosting Renewables in the Heating Market
  
  Final Report of the IEE project “Policy development for improving RES-H/C penetration in European Member States (RES-H Policy)“
  Bürger, V.; Kranzl, L.; Hummel, M.; Müller, A.; Connor, P.; Ericsson, K.; Beurskens, L.; Steinbach, J.; Ragwitz, M. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (4183 kByte)
• Design of the post-2012 climate regime: Sectoral approaches for greenhouse gas mitigation

  Discussion paper: Incentives for mitigation investments
  
  In the international climate negotiations new market mechanisms are being discussed. Compared to the project based mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), such new mechanisms would lead to a change in the role of emitters, investors and governments. The governments of developing and rapidly developing countries must take on a greater responsibility for the implementation of measures in their countries and ensure the actual reduction of greenhouse gasses being strived for.
  Dransfeld, B.; Michaelowa, A.; Cames, M.; Healy, S. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Informal e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria – socio-economic impacts and feasibility of international recycling co-operations

  Component 3 of the UNEP SBC E-waste Africa Project
  
  This study is integral part of the E-waste Africa Project and contains an in-depth socio-economic study on the functioning and the sustainability impacts of the informal EEE refurbishing and e-waste recycling sector in Lagos, as well as a comparison of currently practiced and best available recycling technologies. By combining these types of analysis, the report derives “best applicable technologies” regarded suitable for the implementation in the Nigerian context. In addition, the report formulates recommendations to policy-makers, the Nigerian recycling industry and for pilot follow-up activities. Further information: www.basel.int
  Manhart, A.; Osibanjo, O.; Aderinto, A.; Prakash, S. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1867 kByte)
• Contextualising behavioural change in energy programmes involving intermediaries and policymaking organizations working towards changing behaviour

  Further information: www.energychange.info
  Bürger, V. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• International industrial competitiveness, carbon leakage and approaches to carbon pricing

  Report form the Workshop 18 May 2010, Berlin Healy, S. and Schumacher, K. (2011): Product classification and its implication on competitiveness and carbon leakage Aluminium Climate Strategies Report Healy, S. and Schumacher, K. (2011): Product classification and its implication on competitiveness and carbon leakage – Pulp paper and paperboard Climate Strategies Report Quirion P., Schumacher, K. and Healy, S. (2011): Modelling the allowance allocation method of the EU ETS – An application to the cement industry. Climate Strategies Report
  Healy, S.; Schumacher, K. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Radiological Consequences of the Fukushima Event via Water Pathways

  Background on dose calculations for fish and seaweed consumption
  
  In connection with the accident in Fukushima large amounts of highly contaminated water seeped through the structures of the buildings of Unit 2, collected on lower levels of the reactor buildings, and made their way to rooms on lower levels of the turbine building. This paper quantifies the data, that is measured by TEPCO, adds calculated doses for selected pathways, and draws conclusions from this data and doses in respect to short- and longer term conse-quences.
  Schmidt, G. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (159 kByte)
• Annual Report 2010

  v. A. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1321 kByte)
• Functioning of the ETS and the flexible mechanisms

  In 2003, the EU established a ‘cap & trade’ emissions trading system (EU ETS) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of large industrial sources such as power plants, refineries and steel works. Since 2005, covered installations need a tradable allowance for each tonne of GHG emission. To ensure a reduction of -71% in 2050 compared to 2005 the cap is constantly reduced. This briefing explains the basic functioning of the EU ETS and how emission reduction projects outside the EU, so called Flexible Mechanisms, can be used for compliance under the EU ETS. The briefing paper Functioning of the ETS and the flexible mechanisms can be downloaded here >>
  Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Healy, S. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (29 kByte)
• Quick phase-out of nuclear power in Germany

  Short-term options, electricity and price effects
  
  Short analysis for WWF Germany
  Matthes, F.; Harthan, R.; Loreck, C. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (59 kByte)
• European second-hand car market analysis - Final Report

  for the European Commission DG Climate Action
  
  The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and other emissions from the transport sector is a highly relevant issue at European level. In order to establish a coherent and effective European policy in this field it is vital to have sound information on the composition of the vehicle fleet in Europe. However, particularly in the passenger car sector relevant knowledge is limited. By analysing the cross-border trade of second hand cars within EU 27 as well as the corresponding vehicle usage patterns this study contributes to an improved understanding of the situation thus providing valuable information for fleet modelling and evolution forecasts.
  Mehlhart, G.; Merz, C.; Akkermans, L.; Jordal-Jørgensen, J. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1023 kByte)
• European second-hand car market analysis - Data

  Electronic Annex
  
  Mehlhart, G.; Merz, C.; Akkermans, L.; Jordal-Jørgensen, J. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (5732 kByte)
• Incentive Regulation and Network Innovations

  Smart Grids require innovations in the electricity networks, mainly on the level of the distributed system operator (DSO). A main objective is to increase the share of distributed generation (DG) connected to that network level, but also to enable load management on the demand side. This paper analyses network innovations in the context of the regulatory framework, namely incentive regulation.
  Bauknecht, D. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• The Vision Scenario for the European Union. 2011 Update for the EU-27

  The Vision Scenario represents a pathway which consistently combines short- and medium-term objectives with the long-term objectives. Furthermore it is in line with the greenhouse gas emission budget, which could allow the increase of the global mean temperature to be kept to a level below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels.
  Matthes, F.; Hermann, H.; Zimmer, W. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (309 kByte)
• Study on Rare Earths and Their Recycling

  Final Report for The Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament
  
  The focus of this study for the Greens/EFA Group in the European Parliament lies on the development of a European strategy for a sustainable rare earth economy. It particularly addresses the recycling, the substitution and the efficient use of rare earths and develops a strategy towards a green rare earth economy.
  Schüler, D.; Buchert, M.; Liu, R.; Degreif, S.; Merz, C. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1163 kByte)
• Rare Earths – Facts & Figures

  Background Paper
  
  Strategy for a sustainable rare earth economy
  Schüler, D. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (155 kByte)
• The Impact Evaluation of Sustainable Consumption

  Policy Instruments
  
  Putting sustainable consumption into practice is a challenge that requires the effort and coordination of numerous societal domains and actors. The paper deals with the contribution of policy making and policy evaluation. More specifically, it addresses the question of how to evaluate the effectiveness of policy instruments dedicated to rendering household consumption more sustainable. Despite the extensive literature on instrument effectiveness, sustainability assessment, and consumer behaviour, only a few accounts deal with the specific characteristics and impacts of policy instruments for sustainable consumption.
  Wolff, F.; Schönherr, N. (2011)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Environmentalist’s Wishlist: Recommendation for environmental Improvements in Uranium Mining

  Schmidt, G. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (22 kByte)
• Les bonnes résolutions pour une amélioration environnementale de l’exploitation minière d’uranium: recommandation d’un écologiste.

  Schmidt, G. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (35 kByte)
• Free allocation of emission allowances and CDM/JI credits within the EU ETS

  Analysis of selected industries and companies in Germany
  
  The first two trading periods of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) included extensive free allocation of emission allowances. Since the carbon price is passed on – in an economically rational way – to the electricity price in the electricity production sector, electricity producers were able to reap substantial additional revenue, a significant amount of which results from the free allocation of emission allowances. Taking into account the nuclear fuel tax (to be introduced in Germany from 2011 onwards) which also aims to absorb additional revenue from the EU ETS, the additional revenue for electricity producers from the first and second trading periods of the EU ETS considered in this paper are estimated to amount to € 39 billion (without nuclear fuel tax) or approx. € 34.8 billion (with nuclear fuel tax).
  Hermann, H.; Graichen, V.; Gammelin, C.; Matthes, F. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (192 kByte)
• The development of climate negotiations in view of Cancun (COP 16)

  This report provides an overview of the development of the negotiations within the UNFCCC since COP 15 in Copenhagen. It summarises the key developments in 2010 and provides short overviews for all negotiation areas. The overview also includes a state of play of the Copenhagen Accord and explains the position of the main Parties and negotiation groups. It is supplemented by short overviews for individual countries and stakeholder groups.
  Herold, A.; Cames, M. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (883 kByte)
• What would it take to unlock the full potential of biofuels?

  A contribution to the Comment:Visions online discussion, November 2010
  
  The key formula of a long-term strategy (2050 horizon) for sustainable biomass is that renewable resources are primarily used as raw materials, whereas waste and biomass residues – stemming increasingly from used products made from renewable raw materials - mainly serve as energy sources (i.e. for electricity, heat, and transport). This couples renewable raw material needs (which are growing when “greening” the economy) with renewable energy needs (which are growing when decarbonizing the global energy system), thus avoiding feedstock competition.
  Fritsche, U. R. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (29 kByte)
• Study of the ozone depletion and global warming potentials associated with fridge recycling operations that involve the manual stripping of polyurethane insulation foam

  In the present study, the average emissions associated with the manual disassembly of refrigeration appliances were determined solely during the manual dismantling phase. The emissions associated with the subsequent disposal phase will be determined at a later date as part of a separate expert study and assessed in a joint final report.
  Dehoust, G.; Schüler, D. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (2495 kByte)
• Flows of used and end-of life e-products from Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium

  Component 1 of the UNEP SBC E-waste Africa Project
  
  This study is integral part of the E-waste Africa Project. The aim of the research is to identify the principle pathways of used electronic and electric equipment (EEE) from Europe to West Africa as well as potential leakage points for end-of-life products that are mandatory required under the WEEE directive to undergo sound waste treatment within Europe. The study focuses on sources, destinations and volumes of used EEE exports as well as on the characteristics of the export business. The role of the two ports and regions in focus will be analysed. Further information: www.basel.int
  Seum, S.; Hermann, A. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (506 kByte)
• Socio-economic assessment and feasibility study on sustainable e-waste management in Ghana

  The E-waste Africa Project aims at enhancing environmental governance of e-waste and at creating favourable social and economic conditions for partnerships and small businesses in the recycling sector in Africa. In particular the project seeks to better understand and regulate the transboundary movements of used and obsolete e-equipment from Europe to Africa, and also to improve the local e-waste management capacities in many African countries, such as Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Benin. Apart from dealing with a better management and control of the legal and illegal trade of used and obsolete equipment from developed to developing countries, the project has a special focus on identifying solutions for sustainable management of domestically generated e-waste too.
  Prakash, S.; Manhart, A. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (1582 kByte)
• The “iLUC Factor” as a Means to Hedge Risks of GHG Emissions from Indirect Land Use Change

  Sustainability Standards for internationally traded Biomass
  
  This “bio-global” project covers methodical aspects concerning climate protection, biodiversity, water and land use, but also aspects related to bioenergy trade and legal issues (e.g., WTO, bilateral agreements). A key element in that research is to consider and elaborate on opportunities for sustainable biomass feedstock provision which have no negative or even positive environmental, biodiversity, climate, and social trade-offs.
  Fritsche, U. R.; Hennenberg, K.; Hünecke, K. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (434 kByte)
• EcoTransIT World – Ecological Transport Information Tool for Worldwide Transports

  EcoTransIT operates on a sound scientific basis with data that is accepted Europe-wide. The Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (ifeu), Heidelberg, is in charge of the scientific issues such as the environmental data. Ifeu used the Handbook on Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA), data from the Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models and Inventory Systems (ARTEMIS), the ecoinvent database and others. The German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) provided data for the environmental compatibility of various transport modes car, a truck, rail, inland waterways and aircraft. The technical implementation and development of the relevant software were carried out by RMCon.
  Schmied, M.; Seum, S.; et al. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Greenhouse gas emissions trading and complementary policies

  Developing a smart mix for ambitious climate policies
  
  Report commissioned by German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
  Matthes, F. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (316 kByte)
• 2010 Rating of Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) accredited under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

  Report for WWF - Corrected version
  
  Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) are accredited independent entities responsible for ensuring that proposed projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) meet all requirements established by the CDM Executive Board operating under the Kyoto Protocol. In May 2009, Öko-Institut and WWF published a first rating of DOEs. The rating aims to provide transparent information to the market with regards to how well DOEs are fulfilling the requirements and expectations of the CDM Executive Board. This report updates the rating and in addition evaluates the current validation and verification process and provides recommendations for improvements.
  Schneider, L.; Mohr, L. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (585 kByte)
• Post-2012 climate regime

  How industrial and developing nations can help to reduce emissions – assessing emission trends, reduction potentials, incentive systems and negotiation options
  
  This report analyses the emissions reduction targets submitted under the Copenhagen Accord by developed and developing countries in matters of four key questions:
  • Do the pledges add up to the emission reductions required necessary by science?
  • What are the costs associated with meeting the given targets?
  • Are the proposed emission reduction efforts of Annex I parties comparable?
  • What would comparable efforts look like taking country-specific socio-economic indicators into account?
  Secondary to these questions this report explores the economic and environmental implications of the submitted pledges and NAMAs. Furthermore, we analyze and assess the comparability of efforts of Annex I mitigation pledges compared to a range of socio-economic indicators that may provide a basis for a “fair” effort sharing agreement to achieve a given target.
  Graichen, J.; Healy, S.; Schumacher, K.; Duscha, V.; Schleich, J. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (576 kByte)
• Eurometaux’s proposals for the Raw Materials Initiative

  This report describes the concrete measures identified that should help to cope with the specific problems encountered by the NFM industry. For the non-ferrous metals industry, it is essential to establish the above-mentioned processes and improvements identified in order to improve access to secondary raw materials. A high level of attention and high-level steering are necessary in order to ensure that all the various proposals and large number of stakeholders and contributors keep to a coherent implementation course.
  Buchert, M.; Mehlhart, G. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (471 kByte)
• Integration of marine transport into the European Emissions Trading System

  Environmental, economic and legal analysis of different options
  
  A new UBA study analyses options for integrating the greenhouse gas emissions from marine transport into the EU emissions trading system. IMO (International Maritime Organization) bodies have not reached agreement so far on substantial climate protection measures in marine transport. If no progress is made at IMO level, integrating marine transport into the European emissions trading system could be a first step on the road towards a global solution.
  Seum, S.; Graichen, J.; et al. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Legal feasibility study on the introduction of a nanoproduct register

  A register of nanoproducts (nanomaterials, mixtures and articles) produced or placed on the market in Germany is legally viable and is workable in practice. The purpose of such a product register and a corresponding mandatory reporting requirement is to provide the authorities with an overview of nanoproducts produced or put on the market in Germany. Following the precautionary principle, the register aims to prevent the emergence of hazards to the life and health of humans (including at their workplace), as well as to the environment as a dynamic complex, that may result from the production, utilisation and disposal of nanoproducts.
  Hermann, A.; Möller, M. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (633 kByte)
• REACH Practical Guide on Exposure Assessment and Communication in the Supply Chains

  This document has been prepared by a VCI working group as part of the joint Cefic/VCI project to develop tools and guidance’s for industry to develop Chemical Safety Assessments, Chemical Safety Reports and Exposure Scenarios. In the second edition (2010) of the Practical Guide the new topic „Mixtures under REACH“ has been described in detail (see Part III). The ZIP-file contains:
  • REACH Practical Guide Part I: Introduction
  • REACH Practical Guide Part II: Exposure scenarios and communications in the supply chains
  • REACH Practical Guide Part III: Mixtures under REACH
  • REACH Practical Guide Part IV: Supplement Exposure Estimation
  
  Bunke, D.; Groß, R.; Schneider, K.; Oltmanns, J. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (5661 kByte)
• Comments on Draft Consultation paper definition highly biodiverse grasslands

  The sustainability requirements of the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources establish that raw materials used for the production of biofuels and bioliquids may not be produced on land that had the status of highly biodiverse grassland in or after January 2008. The objective of the consultation is to seek views on possible approaches to define the criteria and ranges of highly biodiverse grasslands. This will feed into the drafting of a Commission Decision on the establishment of criteria and ranges of highly biodiverse grasslands for the purpose of Directive 2009/28/EC.
  Hennenberg, K. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• The Power of Bioenergy-Related Standards to Protect Biodiversity

  The sustainable production of bioenergy is vital to avoiding negative impacts on environmental goods such as climate, soil, water, and especially biodiversity. We propose three key issues that should be addressed in any biodiversity risk-mitigation strategy: conservation of areas of significant biodiversity value; mitigation of negative effects related to indirect land-use change; and promotion of agricultural practices with few negative impacts on biodiversity.
  Hennenberg, K.; Fritsche, U. R.; Wiegmann, K. (2010)
  more information     PDF file download (89 kByte)
• Annual Report 2008-2009

  v. A. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (1252 kByte)
• Comparative Evaluations of Innovative Fisheries Management

  The Comparative Evaluations of Innovative Solutions in European Fisheries Management (CEVIS) Project (2006 - 2009) was an exploration of how science can aid policy decisions. CEVIS teamed up biologists, economists, and other social scientists to evaluate four fisheries management innovations being considered for Europe: participatory approaches; rights-based regimes; effort control; and decision-rule systems. Comparative Evaluations of Innovative Fisheries Management brings the CEVIS project full circle by providing further insights into the role of science in policy.
  Wolff, F.; et al. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Environmental impacts and impact on the electricity market of a large scale introduction of electric cars in Europe, Critical review of literature

  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2009/4
  
  Vehicles with electric propulsion are considered as an attractive option on the pathway towards low-emission vehicles that could enable the transport sector to reduce sectoral greenhouse gas emissions by a significant degree. Due to major progress in battery technology, vehicles with electric operation mode are expected to enter the market within the next few years. Electric vehicles are characterised by the highest engine efficiency of existing propulsion systems and zero tailpipe emissions. At the same time it has to be kept in mind that well-to-wheel emissions of electric vehicles are strongly dependent on the carbon-intensity of power generation.
  Hacker, F.; Harthan, R.; Matthes, F.; Zimmer, W. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (1 kByte)
• Blueprint Germany

  A strategy for a climate safe 2050
  
  ‘Blueprint Germany’, which has been prepared by Prognos, Öko-Institut and Dr. Ziesing on behalf of WWF, shows that the transformation from a high-carbon to a low-carbon economy is possible and affordable. By committing to this transformation path, Germany could become a model for other countries.
  Matthes, F.; Busche, J.; Graichen, V.; Zimmer, W.; Hermann, H.; Penninger, G.; Mohr, M. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (496 kByte)
• Critical Metals for Sustainable Technologies and their Recycling Potential

  The focus of this study lies on future sustainable technologies (FST), such as renewable energies and energy efficient technologies, which will make use of indium (In), germanium (Ge), tantalum (Ta), PGM [platinum group metals, such as ruthenium (Ru), platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd)], tellurium (Te), cobalt (Co), lithium (Li), gallium (Ga) and RE (rare earths)1. These are also classified as ‘green minor metals’, which are the basis for cleaner technology innovation. Other interesting metals like titanium or magnesium (used for light weight applications) are not addressed by this study but should be also an issue for further UNEP investigations and activities in the future.
  Bleher, D.; Buchert, M.; Schüler, D. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (4823 kByte)
• A framework for a sectoral crediting mechanism in a post-2012 climate regime

  Report for the Global Wind Energy Council
  
  This report explores a sectoral crediting mechanism (SCM) for developing countries in a post-2012 UNFCCC climate regime. The report explores how a SCM could be implemented in practice. Different options for designing a SCM are identified and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Based on this analysis of options, a consistent policy framework for the introduction of a SCM under UNFCCC is proposed. The report focuses on a bottom-up approach where developing countries make proposals for implementing a SCM which are subsequently reviewed and agreed internationally. The report aims at facilitating the negotiation of such a mechanism under the UNFCCC.
  Schneider, L.; Cames, M. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (256 kByte)
• A rating of Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) Accredited under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

  Scope, methodology and results
  
  Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) are accredited independent entities responsible for ensuring that proposed projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) meet all requirements established by the CDM Executive Board operating under the Kyoto Protocol. This rating of DOEs, developed by WWF and Öko-Institut, aims to provide transparent information to the market with regards to how well DOEs are fulfilling the requirements and expectations of the CDM Executive Board.
  Schneider, L.; Mohr, L. (2009)
  more information     PDF file download (154 kByte)
• A rating of Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) Accredited under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - Summary

  Designated Operational Entities (DOEs) are accredited independent entities responsible for ensuring that proposed projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) meet all requirements established by the CDM Executive Board operating under the Kyoto Protocol. This rating of DOEs, developed by WWF and Öko-Institut, aims to provide transparent information to the market with regards to how well DOEs are fulfilling the requirements and expectations of the CDM Executive Board.
  Schneider, L.; Mohr, L. (2009)
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• Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe

  Rhetoric and Realities
  
  The acid test of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is simply this: does it lead to positive impacts on society and the environment or is it just rhetoric? And if it does lead to positive impacts, how can these be enhanced? This timely book tackles this cutting-edge challenge by presenting empirical findings from a range of surveys and in-depth case studies. These build on a new methodological and theoretical framework for assessing and explaining the sustainability impact of CSR.
  Barth, R.; Wolff, F. (2009)
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• Product Carbon Footprinting – The Right Way to Promote Low Carbon Products and Consumption Habits?

  Practical experiences, results and recommendations of the PCF Pilot Project Germany
  v. A. (2009)
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• Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products

  The publication of the Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment produced by the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative sets a milestone by outlining a framework and best-practices for assessing the social and socio-economic impacts of product life cycles. The guidelines also highlight where new research is needed.
  Andrews, E. S.; Barthel, L. P.; Benoit, C.; Ciroth, A.; Cucuzzella, C; Gensch, C.; Hebert, J.; Lesa-ge, P.; Manhart, A.; Mazeau, P.; Mazijn, B.; Methot, A.-L.; Moberg, A.; Norris, G.; Parent, J.; Prakash, S.; et al. (2009)
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• Innovation for Sustainable Electricity Systems

  Exploring the Dynamics of Energy Transitions
  
  Further information: www.springer.com
  Praetorius, B.; Bauknecht, D.; Cames, M.; Schumacher, K.; Voß, J.; et al. (2009)
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• Tradable permit schemes in environmental management: Evolution patterns of an expanding policy instrument

  This report provides an overview of various instances of the implementation of tradable permits schemes (TPS).
  Serre, C. (2008)
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• Environmental product indicators and benchmarks in the context of environmental labels and declarations

  ANEC commissioned the Öko-Institut e.V. to conduct a research study on various issues related to environmental labels and declarations which are of particular relevance to the consumers. The issues involve: (a) the usefulness of life cycle assessment methodology for product labelling schemes, (b) feasibility of aggregation approaches, such as EcoGrade and Eco-indicator, for assessing the environmental performance of products, (c) inclusion of qualitative indicators not covered by the LCA methodology, (d) the advantages and disadvantages of energy versus CO2-indicators, and (e) quality benchmarks for environmental data sheets. The purpose of the research will be to support ANEC and its member organisations in their position finding processes and to enable them to shape the upcoming discussion processes on these issues.
  Prakash, S.; Manhart, A.; Stratmann, B. (2008)
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• Emerging Economies

  New challenges for international co-operation and development
  
  The following research aims to elaborate on the manifold sustainability impacts resulting from the growth of emerging economies and developing countries, thus wanting to identify needs for research, development strategies and co-operation approaches. While this task – due to its immense dimensions – is not manageable for one single research project, the analysis follows a spotlight approach.
  Manhart, A.; Schmitt, K.; Stahl, H.; Grießhammer, R. (2008)
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• Independent Environmental Assessment

  Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
  
  This report discusses the environmental measures taken by the organizers and assesses their effectiveness and lessons learnt, all of which will be useful for those planning future Olympic and other sporting events.
  v. A. (2008)
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• Impacts of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme on the industrial competitiveness in Germany

  The aim of this paper is to assess the following issues
  • Which sectors in Germany may face significant increases in direct or indirect costs because of the EU ETS?
  • Which sectors are likely to face a high exposure to international competition which could then lead to carbon leakage?
  • Which mechanisms exist to address competitiveness/leakage concerns arising in the context of the EU ETS?
  
  Graichen, V.; Schumacher, K.; Matthes, F.; Mohr, L.; Duscha, V.; Schleich, J.; Diekmann, J. (2008)
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• Windfall profits of German electricity producers in the second phase of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (2008-2012)

  Briefing Paper for World Wide Fund for Nature Germany (WWF Germany)
  
  The analysis covers the five largest German electricity production companies: E.ON, RWE, Vattenfall Europe, Energie Baden-Württemberg (EnBW) and Evonik Steag as well as the electricity production of these companies in Germany. The windfall profits of these companies on other European sub-markets are therefore not taken into account in the following analysis. The goal of the analysis is, amongst other things, to determine the share of the total windfall profits that stems from the free allocation of emission allowances, the continuation of which for the time period after 2012 is currently being vehemently called for by German electricity producers (amongst others). In this way, the question of the scale of the profit orientation that lies behind the demand for free allocation of CO₂ allowances can also be pursued.
  Matthes, F. (2008)
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• Distributed Generation and the Regulation of Electricity Networks

  Further information: www.elsevier.com
  Bauknecht, D.; Brunekreeft, G. (2008)
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• Annual Report 2007

  v. A. (2008)
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• Global Governance

  ‘The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility’, edited by Wayne Visser and others, is a reference on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) published by Wiley. The entries have been written by leading experts, global thinkers and CSR practitioners. The book aims to help managers, consultants and researchers navigate their way through the plenty of terms, codes and organisations associated with CSR. Franziska Wolff from the Öko-Institut has written the entry on ‘Global Governance’. Locating it in the wider discourse on ‘governance’, she discusses global governance as a normative concept according to which the system of international institutions should be more tightly knit and better coordinated in order to re-embed politics in objectives such as international solidarity and ecological responsibility.
  Wolff, F. (2008)
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• The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility

  Ethics Officer
  
  ‘The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility’, edited by Wayne Visser and others, is a reference on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) published by Wiley. The entries have been written by leading experts, global thinkers and CSR practitioners. The book aims to help managers, consultants and researchers navigate their way through the plenty of terms, codes and organisations associated with CSR. Katharina Schmitt from Öko-Institut wrote the entry on ‘Ethics Officer’. She outlines the role and responsibilities that the ethics officer has within an organisation and describes the particular CSR issues that the officer has to deal with.
  Schmitt, K. (2008)
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• Modelling of the impacts of policies for sustainable use of cars

  Öko-Institut has participated in a project for the European Commission, the Joint research Centre and the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, the aim of which was to develop TREMOVE by adding a waste materials module and by introducing endogenous scrappage decisions. The study also contributed to research on the new policy framework on “Sustainable Consumption and Production”, which proposes effective and concrete actions towards a low carbon and resource- and energy-efficient economy. In practice the TREMOVE model was extended with means of a materials database in order to assess the material demand by new cars and the waste flows of end of life vehicles in detail. The role of Öko-Institut in the framework of this project was the development of the material and waste database. Our project partners were Transport and Mobility Leuven and Frauenhofer ISI.
  Zimmer, W.; Hacker, F.; Buchert, M.; Seum, S. (2008)
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• Analysis of European greenhouse gas inventories in the aviation sector

  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2007/6
  
  Greenhouse gas emissions from aviation are part of the reporting obligations of Parties to the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Only emissions from domestic aviation are part of the national emission reduction obligations and have to be reported separately from emissions caused by international aviation. While data on total fuel consumption by aviation is normally available the split between domestic and international aviation requires information which is not always available. This paper compares estimates for greenhouse gas emissions from aviation as reported by EEA Member States with estimates calculated by the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol). Eurocontrol calculations are based on flight movement data only and provide an estimate for fuel burn and GHG emissions which is independent of the estimates produces by the Member States. This analysis is part of the quality assurance and quality control programme for the greenhouse gas inventory of the European Community and might help countries and the EC in improving their estimates. Download: http://air-climate.eionet.europa.eu/reports
  Graichen, J. (2008)
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• The EU Emissions Trading Scheme in numbers

  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2007/2
  
  The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is one of the main and most prominent measures of the EU for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reaching its Kyoto target. One of the main sources for information on the scheme is the community independent transaction log (CITL). This report provides an overview on the information contained in the CITL for the first two years of the trading scheme as well as an assessment of the Commission Decisions for the second trading period from 2008-12.
  Graichen, J.; Graichen, V. (2007)
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• CSR between Rhetoric and Reality

  published in: Ökologisches Wirtschaften 4/2007, p. 30-34
  Barth, R.; Wolff, F.; Schmitt, K. (2007)
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• Options for a 2020 EU Burden Sharing Agreement

  Working Paper for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety
  
  Within the European Union the Member States face the problem of finding target sharing agreements for different binding and quantified commitments for the total emission reduction commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), for the caps within the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and regarding the expansion of energy supply from renewable energy sources. The three targets are interlinked and the process for the target sharing agreement follows not in all dimensions the same timing. The paper outlines the different approaches which could constitute the basis for the upcoming debates. The analysis presented in this paper is geared to identifying starting points, general principles and key findings for the debate.
  Matthes, F.; Graichen, J. (2007)
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• Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement

  Report prepared for WWF
  
  Oeko-Institut has launched a report on the CDM. The report assesses the contribution of the CDM to meeting its environmental and sustainable development objectives and provides recommendations for improving the mechanism. The report’s findings are based on a systematic evaluation of 93 randomly chosen registered CDM projects as well as interviews and a literature survey. The report discusses selected areas which are deemed particularly important for achieving its environmental and sustainable development objectives, including:
  • the role and performance of designated operational entities (DOEs),
  • the demonstration of additionality,
  • the contribution of CDM projects to sustainable development,
  • the role of HFC-23 and N2O destruction projects,
  • the participation of stakeholders in the process,
  • the environmental integrity of “policy CDM” and “sectoral CDM”, and options for limiting the use of CDM and JI by Annex I countries and in emissions trading schemes.
  
  Schneider, L. (2007)
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• Green Champions in Sport and Environment

  „Green Champions in Sport and Environment“ is published by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the German Olympic Sports Confederation. The many examples of good practices that it contains therefore relate to action taken in Germany.
  Stahl, H.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmied, M.; et al. (2007)
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• Rhetoric and Reality: Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe

  Research on the Impact of CSR on Sustainability
  
  This brochure presents core findings and highlights of the research project "Rhetoric and Reality: Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe" (RARE). The project was funded by the EU`s 6 th Framework Programme. Its overarching goal was to evaluate and explain impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on sustainability.
  Barth, R.; Wolff, F. (2007)
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• Implementation of Environmental Data Centres

  This report contains the results of the pre-study on the “Implementation of Environmental Data Centres” carried out on behalf of Eurostat between December 2006 and August 2007.
  Zangl, S.; Lohse, J.; Stahl, H.; Schüler, D.; Gensch, C. (2007)
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• Environmental and economic evaluation of the accelerated replacement of domestic appliances

  Case study refrigerators and freezers - Final Report
  
  The goal of this study was to compare the further use of appliances in stock with the acquisition and use of new appliances, considering both environmental and economic aspects. The environmental assessment is based on LCA, the economic analysis considers the life cycle costs, taking into account the total costs of ownership for private households.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C. (2007)
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• The contribution of local experiments and negotiation processes to field-level learning in emerging (niche) technologies

  Meta-analysis of 27 new energy projects in Europe
  
  Paper submitted for the special issue of the Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society on Renewable Energy & Sustainability (version of July 25, 2007)
  Brohmann, B.; et al. (2007)
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• Costs and Benefits of Green Public Procurement in Europe

  Due to the market power of the purchasing activities of public authorities, green public procurement (GPP) can make an important contribution to reducing environmental impacts and to changing unsustainable production and consumption patterns. Beside the direct positive effects on the environmental impacts, GPP can also stimulate innovation of environmental technologies and serve as an example for private procurement.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Dross, M.; Eberle, U.; Gensch, C.; Graulich, K.; Hünecke, K.; Koch, Y.; Möller, M.; Quack, D.; Seebach, D.; Zimmer, W.; et al. (2007)
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• Competitiveness, innovation and sustainability – clarifying the concepts and their interrelations

  This paper aims at providing introductory information for all those who are interested in the topic but have not yet been confronted to a greater extent with the scientific background to it.
  Wolff, F.; Schmitt, K.; Hochfeld, C. (2007)
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• Towards a new methodology for creating societal acceptance of new energy project

  Paper for the International Energy Workshop, June 25-27, 2007, Stanford (CA)
  
  This paper proposes a methodology for creating societal acceptance of new energy projects based on an analysis of 22 energy projects in Europe. The framework to compile and analyze the cases is based on socio-technical transitions theory and recent sociological research on public participation in science and technology. In particular we analyze (1) the initial vision articulated by the initiator; (2) the project’s stakeholders and their expectations; (3) the way expectations are negotiated; (4) the way visions are translated into action; and (5) success of the project in terms of societal acceptance, i.e. the way in which the negotiations resulted in degrees of alignment among the stakeholder expectations and project initiator’s vision. We conclude with a proposal for a new six-step methodology for improving societal acceptance of new energy projects. This methodology is currently explored, used and reflected upon in five projects in Europe: a German biomass project, an Italian thermodynamic solar project, an Icelandic hydrogen project, a Dutch CCS project and a Hungarian wind project (www.createacceptance.net).
  Brohmann, B.; et al. (2007)
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• Key Social Impacts of Electronics Production and WEEE-Recycling in China

  Undeniably, the electronics industry is highly relevant for the Chinese economy and seems to continue being important in the future. Nevertheless there are an ongoing discussions on the social and environmental sustainability of this sector in China and worldwide. These discussions mainly address labour issues, health and safety and environmental pollution in production, product use and end-of life treatment. This study shall contribute to objectify the discussion on social sustainability of the Chinese electronics industry by systematically analysing positive and negative social impacts during electronics production and end-of-life treatment in China. Thereby the study shall provide a basis to identify intervention strategies for increasing the overall social performance of electronic products.
  Manhart, A. (2007)
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• Resources Fever

  A cool head for sustainable solutions
  
  Global demand for natural resources is increasing. Not only industrialized countries, but also newly industrializing countries such as Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa increase the pressure on energy sources, metal ores, water and foodstuffs. Record prices on commodity markets and intensified competition for access to raw materials are the result; the fear of dependence and scarcity is growing: The world is in resources fever.
  Buchert, M.; Brohmann, B.; Brühl, W.; Hermann, A.; Manhart, A.; Schmidt, G.; Untersteller, F. (2007)
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• Comparison among different decommissioning funds methodologies for nuclear installations

  Projekt in Kooperation mit dem Wuppertal-Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie sowie 11 weiteren Forschungspartnern (2007)
  Timpe, C.; Bürger, V.; Seebach, D. (2007)
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• Green Power Labelling - An Instrument to enhance Transparency and Sustainability on the Voluntary Green Power Market

  Projekt in Kooperation mit 11 weiteren europäischen Forschungspartnern
  Bürger, V. (2007)
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• Crediting the displacement of non-renewable biomass under the CDM

  Submission by Öko-Institut to the public call by the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism
  
  The displacement of non-renewable biomass under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been discussed controversially since 2005 when the CDM Executive Board had withdrawn a small-scale methodology for the displacement of non-renewable biomass. Most Parties have acknowledged the considerable benefits for sustainable development of these project types, in particular regarding poverty alleviation and reducing health risks. Furthermore, enabling such projects under the CDM may contribute to changing the geographical distribution of CDM projects since these project types are particularly interesting for countries that heavily rely on biomass as a fuel, as it is the case in many Least Developed Countries (LDCs). This paper first discusses the methodological and legal challenges of crediting such projects and then provides an indicative proposal for two small-scale methodologies. Note that this paper only expresses the view of Öko-Institut and not that of the German government, the European Union or any other organization.
  Schneider, L. (2007)
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• Policy instruments as innovation in governance: the case of emissions trading

  The development of a new policy instrument, “emissions trading”, is analysed as an innovation journey in the realm of governance. Tracking the process by which a novel pattern of social regulation emerges and travels shows how “policy technology” develops according to dynamics of its own, partly independent of policy problems and goals. Interactions across science, policy development and particular domains of governance are critical for the transition between phases: from options to first developments, to experimentation with a prototype and to further diffusion and the formation of a new policy regime. Key factors are the use of openings in existing governance regimes, establishment of linkages with contexts of implementation and the generation of momentum through the “carbon industry” as an emerging service economy.
  Voß, J. (2007)
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• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Recycling of CFC – and HC – containing refrigerator equipment (Summary)

  This life cycle assessment (LCA) was commissioned by the RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment. Its objective is to make an ecological comparison of the different disposal channels for waste domestic refrigeration appliances containing CFCs and hydrocarbons that could arise from potential changes to the WEEE Directive. The study was carried out in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044. It also includes a critical review by Mr Giegrich of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung) in Heidelberg. Assistance was also provided by Dr Keri of the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft), Mr Schmit of the Luxembourg State Environmental Agency (Umweltamt) and Mr Hornberger and Ms Janusz-Renault of the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung).
  Dehoust, G.; Schüler, D.; Rüdenauer, I. (2007)
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• Life cycle assessment of the treatment and recycling of refrigeration equipment containing CFCs and hydrocarbons (Final report)

  This life cycle assessment (LCA) was commissioned by the RAL Quality Assurance Association for the Demanufacture of Refrigeration Equipment. Its objective is to make an ecological comparison of the different disposal channels for waste domestic refrigeration appliances containing CFCs and hydrocarbons that could arise from potential changes to the WEEE Directive. The study was carried out in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044. It also includes a critical review by Mr Giegrich of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung) in Heidelberg. Assistance was also provided by Dr Keri of the Austrian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft), Mr Schmit of the Luxembourg State Environmental Agency (Umweltamt) and Mr Hornberger and Ms Janusz-Renault of the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation (Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung).
  Dehoust, G.; Schüler, D. (2007)
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• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2005. An Empirical Analysis

  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the frame-work of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, trans-parent and sustainable third party access is still underway. However, (incomplete) liber-alisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market. This study analyses the market concentration trends in six regional markets in Europe from 1996 to 2005 based on different methodological approaches.
  Matthes, F.; Grashof, K.; Gores, S. (2007)
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• OBRA - European observatory for long-term governance on radioactive waste management

  Continuing societal concerns limit the application of deep geological disposal in many countries. Wider societal involvement at a variety of governance levels in an open, inclusive and transparent manner is a top-level concern in all European and national organisations involved in radioactive waste management. Nevertheless, current approaches to governance of spent nuclear fuel reveal weaknesses. Local and regional communities lack access to an authoritative yet independent platform of experts to address their concerns and information needs in a systematic way and which could provide them with the sufficient knowledge base as to be able to take sound decisions concerning the long-term.
  Kallenbach-Herbert, B.; Brohmann, B. (2007)
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• Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation

  ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2006/3
  
  Greenhouse gas emissions from aviation have been rising steadily in the past due to increased demand for air traffic despite efficiency increases through technological improvements and operative measures. At the same time emissions from international aviation are not covered by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change or its Kyoto Protocol. The Commission of the European Communities has proposed a Directive which would include aviation in an emissions trading scheme due to the lack of progress on the international level.
  Graichen, J.; Gugele, B. (2006)
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• Long-term prospects of CDM and JI

  Research Report 204 41 192, UBA-FB 001029
  
  This study analyses whether Germany should use the flexible mechanisms under the Kyoto protocol or whether it should continue to achieve its greenhouse gas reduction targets by dint of domestic policies and measures. It estimates the future potential of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms (CDM and JI) and the impacts of its use on the German and the global economy, using an integrated-assessment model. In a Delphi survey, the expectations of international experts on the future prospects of the project-based Kyoto mechanisms are assessed. The study finishes with an analysis of options for promoting the use of the flexible mechanisms in Germany and concludes that the Federal Government of Germany should establish a project-based mechanisms fund of 25 to 50 million Kyoto units to cover the compliance uncertainties due to unexpected temperature or business cycle variations. The Study can be downloaded here>> free of charge.
  Cames, M.; Anger, N.; Böhringer, C.; Harthan, R.; Schneider, L. (2006)
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• Reflexive Governance For Sustainable Development

  This book deals with the issue of sustainable development in a novel and innovative way. It examines the governance implications of reflexive modernisation - the condition that societal development is endangered by its own side-effects. With conceptualising reflexive governance the book leads a way out of endless quarrels about the definition of sustainability and into a new mode of collective action.
  Voß, J.; Bauknecht, D.; Kemp, R. (2006)
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• Tankering strategies for evading emissions trading in the aviation sector

  Discussion Paper
  
  In terms of the introduction of emissions trading in the aviation sector, the question arises as to which actors ought to be obliged to participate in emissions trading. One of the possible options being discussed is to oblige fuel suppliers to prove possession of allowances (upstream approach). By comparison, it is being argued that emissions trading can be partly avoided in this case by dint of increased re-fuelling beyond EU boundaries (tankering). The scope of emissions trading would not only thereby be reduced, but also greenhouse gas emissions would actually increase, since more fuel is consumed for every tonne of fuel that has to be additionally carried (fuel penalty).
  Cames, M. (2006)
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• Green Goal ^TM - Legacy Report

  In June and July 2006 the world experienced a breathtaking football festival, and for the first time in the history of the World Cup the environment was on the programme. With Green Goal™, an innovative and ambitious environmental programme was successfully carried out at the 2006 FIFA World Cup™ in Germany, which pursued new paths for large sporting events. The Green Goal vision was both simple and demanding: adverse effects on the environment, which would inevitably be associated with the organization of the World Cup in Germany, should be reduced to the greatest extent possible. The Executive Board of the Organizing Committee (OC), with its President Franz Beckenbauer, regarded Green Goal from the very beginning as an integral part of the planning and organization of the tournament and a contribution towards the “sustainable legacy” of the World Cup.
  Stahl, H.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmied, M. (2006)
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• Sustainability Standards for Bioenergy

  This report begins in Section 1 with an introduction to key bioenergy issues, summarizing “drivers”, global potential, the key issues of sustainable biomass and standards. Section 2 gives a brief description of key potential problems and conflict areas arising from increased bioenergy supply, and derives core sustainability standards for each problem area. The standards were determined on the basis of a broad review of existing labeling and certification schemes for bio-based products and previous work carried out by the authors. A distinction is made between the use of biogenic residues/wastes and the dedicated cultivation of bioenergy crops. Our study focuses on the latter. Section 3 discusses the legal background to implementing sustainability standards with special focus on international rules, EU legal settings and certain German laws. Legal instruments are also briefly described.
  Fritsche, U. R.; Hünecke, K.; Hermann LL.M., A.; Schulze, F.; Wiegmann, K. (2006)
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• The Vision Scenario for the European Union

  Matthes, F.; Gores, S.; Graichen, V.; Repenning, J.; Zimmer, W. (2006)
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• Capacity Development for the Clean Development Mechanism

  Lessons Learned in Ghana, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Tunisia
  
  German Technical Cooperation has supported both the establishment and day-to-day business of Designated National Authorities (DNAs) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Ghana, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Tunisia. Joint capacity development activities together with our in-country partners reached out to the public as well as the private sector. This report provides an overview of the process of establishing DNAs and promotion of the CDM in these five countries and summarises practical experiences and lessons learned from the capacity building activities.
  Schneider, L.; Grashof, K. (2006)
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• Competitiveness for Sustainability – Positions and Perspectives

  A contribution to discussion at the 2006 annual conference of Öko-Institut e.V.
  
  Focussing on the competition strategy and the priorities outlined in the Lisbon Strategy leads to policy initiatives for rigorous environmental and social standards being put under pressure – inter alia under the heading “Better Regulation”. The argument that environmental and social standards have a negative effect on the competitiveness of the European economy is being raised by various sides. As a result of these developments, Öko-Institut felt urged to become increasingly involved in the relationship between sustainability, innovation and competitiveness in the context of European policy making.
  Hochfeld, C.; Schmitt, K.; Wolff, F. (2006)
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• Adaptation to scientific and technical progress under the RoHS Directive

  Final Report + Annexes
  
  The EU Directive on the restriction of use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (the so-called RoHS - Restriction of Hazardous Substances – Directive) has come into force on 1 July 2006. It regulates the restriction and prohibition of the substances lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium as well as of certain brominated flame retardants (PBB and PBDE). Industry has the possibility to request an exemption from the provisions of the Directive from the European Commission. The Commission has given the Öko-Institute the mandate to evaluate these requests for exemption.
  Gensch, C.; Zangl, S.; Möller, M.; Lohse, J. (2006)
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• Exposure-based waiving: Concrete specifications of the waiving-conditions in the context of the registration procedure according to REACH

  Project Report
  
  In October 2003 a proposal for a Regulation concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH) was presented, that sets forth which information is to be provided in the framework of the registration procedure for substances. Within the framework of REACH, several provisions are made to avoid conducting specific tests if this is sufficiently justified. The exemption from conducting individual tests is termed „waiving“ in REACH.
  Bunke, D.; Schneider, K.; Jäger, I. (2006)
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• Life Cycle Analysis of hand-drying systems + Supplement

  A comparison of cotton towels and paper towels
  
  The European Textile Service Association (E.T.S.A.) commissioned Öko-Institut to compare two mechanical hand drying systems: the continuous cotton roll system and the paper towel system. Goal of this study was to gain more information on the environmental impacts of these two systems and to compare these systems with the objective to identify the one with the better environmental performance.
  Eberle, U.; Möller, M. (2006)
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• Micro Cogeneration: Towards a decentralized and sustainable German energy system

  Micro cogeneration – the simultaneous production of heat and power in an individual building based on small energy conversion units such as Stirling and reciprocating engines or fuel cells – is expected to increase energy efficiency on the level of household energy supply. A large-scale introduction of micro CHP may radically change the electricity system and turn consumers into power producers. At the same time, micro CHP could, if supported by favorable economic and policy conditions, represent a considerable market segment, promoting downstream innovations such as "virtual power plants", altered consumer awareness or new household energy management systems. This potential has to be evaluated with respect to its sustainability in both economic and ecological terms.
  Praetorius, B.; Schneider, L. (2006)
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• Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy Towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy - Abstract and summarized version

  Sub-project „Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management“
  
  The sub-project "Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management" (short title: Sustainable Materials Management – Important Potentials in Germany) represents an intermediate step in the BMU project "Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy" (FKZ 90531411). This Öko-Institut and IFEU-Institut sub-project will provide the Federal Environment Ministry with vital information and data relating to future focal points for closed cycle and waste management policy. This policy is dedicated to intensified utilisation of potentials for resource conservation at all levels of the production and consumption of goods.
  Dehoust, G.; Buchert, M.; Ferenz, J.; Hermann, A.; Jenseit, W.; Schulze, F. (2006)
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• Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy Towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy - Final Report (English Version)

  Sub-project „Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management“
  
  The sub-project "Identification of Relevant Substances and Materials for a Substance Flow-Oriented Resource-Conserving Waste Management" (short title: Sustainable Materials Management – Important Potentials in Germany) represents an intermediate step in the BMU project "Development of the Closed Cycle and Waste Management Policy towards a Sustainable Substance Flow and Resources Policy" (FKZ 90531411). This Öko-Institut and IFEU-Institut sub-project will provide the Federal Environment Ministry with vital information and data relating to future focal points for closed cycle and waste management policy. This policy is dedicated to intensified utilisation of potentials for resource conservation at all levels of the production and consumption of goods.
  Dehoust, G.; Buchert, M.; Ferenz, J.; Hermann, A.; Jenseit, W.; Schulze, F.; et al. (2006)
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• Effectiveness through risk reduction

  A comparison of the renewable obligation in England and Wales and the feed-in system in Germany
  
  Further information: www.sciencedirect.com doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.004
  Mitchell, C.; Bauknecht, D.; Connor, P. (2006)
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• Further development of public participation in the site-selection and approval process of a final repository in Germany

  Proceedings VALDOR (Values in Decision On Risk)
  
  Public participation plays a vital role in the process of planning and licensing potentially hazardous and/or publicly disputed installations. Major conflicts in the affected region may be avoided if the public or representatives are given the opportunity to participate already at an early stage of developing a project. Especially in contested projects, planning units or developers have sought to reduce the risk to fail at a late stage due to lack of public acceptance. Therefore public participation going beyond legal requirements has played an increasing role in the last years. This development can very clearly be observed also within the field of radioactive waste management , especially final disposal. published in: Proceedings VALDOR (Values in Decision On Risk) 2006; S. 106 - 113; May 14 - 18, 2006 Stockholm, Sweden
  Barth, R.; Kallenbach-Herbert, B.; Arens, G. (2006)
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• Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessment

  Proceedings of the Conference, December 1st 2005, Literaturhaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  
  The proceedings summarize the conference on “Epigenetics, Transgenic Plants & Risk Assessments” organized by the Öko-Institut and Greenpeace on December 1st 2005. Seven speakers highlighted from different perspectives the complexity of genome regulation, inherent uncertainties of the genetic engineering of plants and the challenge of facing and coping with knowledge gaps.
  Moch, K. (2006)
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• OECD Matrix Project

  Branch- and product-related emission estimation tool for manufacturers, importers, and downstream users within the REACH-system
  
  The aim of the project is to support the use of already-existing emission estimation data for the exposure assessment which is required under REACH. The overall objective was to develop a set of technical guidance documents (manual and software tools) for emission estimation and subsequent exposure estimation as outlined in annex 1 of the draft REACH Regulation. Such guidance should be robust and easy to use by manufacturers, importers and downstream users of substances. The conceptual approach have been based on the methodology laid down in EU TGD on Risk Assessment of New and Existing Substances (2003) and the OECD Emission Scenario Documents (ESD). The ESD Matrix described in this project gives an overview on existing emission estimation data for several industrial branches. In addition, stand-alone emission estimation tools have developed for two branches (see also www.emissiontool.com). They refer to plastic additives and photochemicals. They have a modular structure and can be easily adopted to supply chains in other branches. The results have been worked out in intense exchange with RIVM, which has developed a guidance how to find the appropriate emission scenarios (see RIVM report Nr. 6012000006).
  Bunke, D.; Ahrens, A.; Reihlen, A.; Schenck, H.; Oenicke, M. (2006)
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• Comparison of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions and Abatement Cost of Nuclear and Alternative Energy Options from a Life-Cycle Perspective

  updated version
  
  An earlier version of t his paper was presented at the CNIC Conference on Nuclear Energy and Greenhouse-Gas Emissions, Tokyo, November 1997. In this paper, we address both, presenting results of life-cycle cost and emission analyses of energy systems with respect to current technologies. We discuss the results with respect to other findings in the literature, and also indicate the cost-effectiveness of CO2 abatement in the electricity sector.
  Fritsche, U. R. (2006)
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• Eco-Efficiency Analysis of Washing machines

  Life Cycle Assessment and determination of optimal life span/Refinement of Task 4: Further use versus substitution of washing machines in stock
  
  Based on the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) in these studies both the optimal life-span of new washing machines (as input for product development strategies) as well as the question of further use versus early replacement of washing machines in stock was analysed.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C.; Quack, D. (2005)
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• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2004.

  An Empirical Analysis.
  
  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the framework of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, transparent and sustainable third party access is still under way. But (incomplete) liberalisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market. This study analyses the market concentration trends in six regional markets in Europe from 1996 to 2004 based on different methodological approaches.
  Matthes, F.; Poetzsch, S.; Grashof, K. (2005)
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• Evaluation of selected aspects of the environmental assessment report for the Langer Heinrich Uranium Mining Project in Namibia

  Due to an inappropriate selection of input data (Radium in ore and tailings) and to a too small breathing rate, the dose calculations in the EA understimates the doses for the public. Together with a higher contribution of Radon to the total dose, a person at Bloedkoppie, a publicly accessable place and a tourist attraction in 1.5 to 2.5 km distance to the mine, can exceed internationally accepted dose limits. The EA does not clearly define the areal extend, where the doses are below the dose limits and where doses exceed the limits. The areal extend, where the dose limits are exceeded, clearly reach beyond the facility’s operational area, probably reaching a distance of some kilometers. The missing definition of a clear boundary is a general short-coming of the EA and should be corrected. Additional contradictions and problems in the EA’s calculation of doses from Radon are discussed and can give rise to an additional underestimation of doses.
  Schmidt, G.; Diehl, P. (2005)
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• Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of European Countries with regard to the Impact of Policies & Measures

  The study investigates the climate policies of the European countries and evaluates their contribution to greenhouse gas reductions that have already been achieved as well as those which are projected for the future. It is based on a decomposition analysis which allows the driving forces of greenhouse gas emissions to be identified and compared. This analysis is supported by an in-depth analysis of selected policies (renewable energy supply, combined heat and power and waste). The analysis shows that the climate policies of all EU Member States can be improved at one point or another and that starting points for the further investigation of potential policy improvements can be identified for each EU Member State. The Analysis can be downloaded at www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3029.pdf
  Deuber,O.; Cames, M.; Poetzsch, S.; Repenning, J. (2005)
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• New Elements of the International Regime on Access and Benefit-Sharing of Genetic Resources

  The Role of Certificates of Origin
  
  The study analysis new elements of the existing international regime on access and benefit-sharing od genetic resources in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) with a focus on certificates of origin/source/legal provenance. It discusses the different concepts, possible frameworks fo a certificate as well as legal implications. A model of a system of certificates for genetic resources is outlined and its impacts on economic and research actors examined. Published in: BFN-Skripten 127; 2005
  Dross, M.; Wolff, F. (2005)
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• Giving wings to emission trading

  Inclusion of aviation under the European emission trading system (ETS): design and impacts
  
  
  • The operation and navigation of civil aircraft on domestic flights fall outsidethe scope of the Convention.
  • The Chicago Convention does not address the issue of emission trading. But,according to its Preamble, the Chicago Convention relates also to establishing international air transport services on the basis of equality of opportunity and sound and economical operation. As emissions trading might in principle have implications in this respect, it is relevant to assess whether the Convention contains any requirements or obstacles with regard to the coverage of international flights by an EU emissions trading scheme.
  • As outlined in section B, the EU emissions trading scheme can be considered to constitute laws and regulations relating to the admission to and/or departure of aircraft from its territory pursuant to Article 11 of the Convention. Therefore, the requirement in Article 11 of the Convention not to discriminate as to nationality of aircraft needs to be respected. Any EU emissions trading system must thus treat all aircraft engaged in international air navigation without distinction as to nationality.
  • The coverage of international aviation under the EU emissions trading scheme does not find limits under Article 12 “Rules of the air”, Article 15 “Airport and similar charges” or Article 24 “Customs duty” of the Convention.
  The study can be downloaded at ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/aviation_et_study.pdf
  Wit, R.; Boon, B.; van Velzen, A.; Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Lee, D. (2005)
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• Implications of the CDM on other Conventions. The case of HFC-23 destruction

  In our analysis we showed that the destruction of HFC-23 in new HCFC 22 facilities under the CDM would likely lead to increased emissions of GHGs as well as ozone depleting substances because production costs of HCFC-22 are expected to be negative when revenues from generated CERs are taken into account. While there is no direct clause on how to handle negative effects on the objectives of other conventions under the Kyoto Protocol or the UNFCCC, there should be great interest in minimising the negative consequences of the CDM for the objective of the Montreal Protocol as well as for climate mitigation, since most Parties are signatories to both treaties.
  Schneider, L.; Graichen, J.; Matz, N. (2005)
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• Criteria for Assessing Environmental, Economic, and Social Aspects of Biofuels in Developing Countries in ecological, social, and economic terms

  This expertise was produced in order to contribute to the ongoing debate on the economic, development, climate and energy policy dimensions of biofuel imports, e.g. from Brazil, and the associated consequences for the environment, industry and local populations. This work was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The study will be available for Download soon!
  Fritsche, U. R.; Hünecke, K.; Wiegmann, K. (2005)
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• Sustainable consumption needs visions

  Position paper by the Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut)
  
  The present position paper “Sustainable consumption needs visions” was elaborated by the authors in a process of debate with numerous staff members of the Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut), building upon the findings gained through numerous studies and projects. It stakes out the Institute’s position on sustainable consumption patterns and explores the need for action.
  Eberle, U.; Brohmann, B.; Graulich, K.; Grießhammer, R. (2004)
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• Nuclear Energy, Renewable Energy and Peace

  Lecture by Michael Sailer
  
  Lecture by Michael Sailer at the Asian Regional Conference “Renewable Energy and Peace” 19-20 August 2004, Seoul, Korea
  Sailer, M. (2004)
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• Bioenergy

  New Growth For Germany
  
  On account of its high potential for energy production, biomass offers great prospects for climate protection through the reduction of greenhouse gases. At the same time, over 200,000 jobs, particularly in rural areas lacking in infrastructure, could be created.
  Fritsche, U. R.; et al. (2004)
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• Evaluation of the Radioactivity Release Event in December 2003 at Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant Unit

  As of March 4, 2004, Oeko-Institut was commissioned by the Korean Company KHNP to review an incident in NPP Yonggwang Unit 5.
  Kurth, S.; Schmidt, G. (2004)
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• Economic measures for the reduction of the environmental impact of air transport

  noise-related landing charges (FKZ 201 96 107)
  
  Because of existing growth rates for air traffic and capacity extensions at many international airports, efforts to find effective instruments for the reduction of noise problems increase. Economic instruments gain increasingly in importance. This study examines, with an LTO-charging model differentiated according to aircraft-noise emissions and incentives for air transport companies for the use of less-noisy aircraft. The results of the study are based on a comprehensive status-quo analysis of European LTO-charging models; they demonstrate the need for harmonized development of this kind of instrument as an incentive, in order to be able to obtain transparency and comprehensibility. The study draws attention to a set of guidelines that must be considered in future.
  Hochfeld, C.; Arps, H.; Hermann LL.M., A.; Schmied, M.; Otten, S.; Hopf, R. (2004)
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• Energy demand of tumble driers with respect to differences in technology and ambient conditions

  Final Report
  
  Tumble driers have a high ratio of and increasing impact on total electricity demand of households. In contrast to different other household appliances the market is not saturated yet and therefore growing selling rates can be expected. Mainly two systems of tumble driers are currently available on the market: condenser tumble driers and air vented tumble driers, both powered by electricity. Tumble driers of both systems are mainly classified in the energy efficiency classes C and D. The energy efficiency labelling of tumble driers takes into account the electricity demand of the different driers when used under standard conditions. Nevertheless under real life conditions in private households additional parameters influence the total energy demand of the two drying systems, like type of control (humidity or time control), type of fabric, loading of the drier, remaining water in the clothes after spinning in the washing machine, ambient temperature, energy demand for space heating or air humidity.
  Rüdenauer, I.; Gensch, C. (2004)
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• Emissions trading in international civil aviation

  The contribution of international aviation to the greenhouse effect is increasing continually. The study investigates how the contribution of aviation can be reduced or limited through emissions trading. Not only are different design options (trading regime, basis for assessment, obligated parties etc.) examined, but also the avoidance costs and potentials of different reduction measures (flight route optimization, early retirement of aircraft, improvement of aerodynamics etc.)
  Cames, M.; Deuber,O.; Rath, U. (2004)
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• Access to Justice in Environmental Matters - ENV.A.3/ETU/2002/0030

  Final Report, Country Reports and Case Studies
  
  The main objectives of this study were to identify any general conclusions to be drawn as to the relevance and the consequences of access to justice for environmental NGOs as a general trend in these EU member states and to present appropriate recommendations in relation thereto to the European Commission based on the findings of the study.
  Dross, M.; de Sadeleer, N.; Roller, G. (2003)
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• Innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection

  Summary of the research project No 201 14 111 of the UFOPLAN 2001
  
  The situation on the German employment market is still tense. The employment effects of environmental protection are therefore – as in the past – much discussed among researchers and politicians. The study identifies innovative approaches to the creation of jobs in environmental protection, and explains how this potential can be exploited.
  Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Deuber,O. (2003)
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• Recovery Options for Plastic Parts from End-of-Life Vehicles: an Eco-Efficiency Assessment

  Final Report
  
  The new European End-of-Life-Vehicles (ELV) Directive 2000/53/EC defines specific recovery, reuse and recycling targets for cars. In an eco-efficiency study, the Öko-Institut in Darmstadt/Germany analysed and evaluated the recycling and recovery options) for seven different plastic components from ELVs (weights ranging from 0.27 kg up to 3.14 kg).
  Jenseit, W.; Stahl, H.; Wollny, V.; Wittlinger, R. (2003)
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• Green Goal - Environmental goals for the 2006 FIFA World Cup

  Background paper on the concept phase (as at 31.03.2003)
  
  The hosting of the 2006 FIFA World Cup offers Germany a great opportunity to present itself as hospitable, keen on sports and also conscious of its responsibility towards the natural environment. The Organizing Committee (OC) of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, with its president Franz Beckenbauer and the German Football Association (DFB) have recognized this opportunity and challenge.
  Hochfeld, C.; Stahl, H. (2003)
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• Improving Energy Efficiency in Peruvian Boilers with the CDM

  Feasibility study for a bundled CDM Project
  
  This study, sponsored by GTZ, assesses the feasibility of a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project to improve energy efficiency in industrial boilers in Peru. The idea of such a CDM project came from activities undertaken within the project “Development of the National Capacity for Projects on CDM Activities,” sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1998. As a first step, in 1999, a pre-feasibility study was conducted.
  Herold, A.; Schneider, L.; Vizcarra, N. (2003)
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• Scientific research on transgenic fish with special focus on the biology of trout and salmon

  Research Report 360 05 023 - UBA-Texte 64/02
  
  Teufel, J.; Pätzold, F.; Potthof, C. (2002)
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• IMPEL Project:

  Implementing Article 10 of the SEA Directive 2001/42/EC
  
  According to Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes (SEA Directive) on the environment Member States are obliged to carry out an environmental assessment of certain plans and programmes, which are likely to have significant environmental effects. Art. 10 of the Directive foresees a Monitoring of significant environmental effects of the implementation of plans and programmes.
  Barth, R.; Fuder, A. (2002)
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• Green genetic engineering and organic Farming

  All over the world organic agriculture is legally bound not to use genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In Europe neither regulation 2092/91 on organic agriculture nor the seed legislation contain provisions which enable to prescribe safety measures to prevent hybridisation between transgenic crops and organically grown plants.A thorough analysis of the new deliberate release directive 18/2001 reveals that this directive opens up the possibility to issue together with a market approval specific conditions of handling and use of a GMO. Crosspollination of an organic culture can be defined as a damage of property. The registration of ge-free zones and prescribed distances between fields are under discussion as safety measures to prevent such property damages.
  Barth, R.; Brauner, R.; Hermann, A.; Hermanowski, R.; Tappeser, B.; et al. (2002)
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• Mobility Styles in Leisure Time: Reducing the environmental impacts of leisure and tourism travel

  Summary
  
  The research project primarily aims to close the gaps in research concerning the empirical description of leisure traffic (journey purposes, mobility characteristics); secondly, it seeks to provide new insights into the social and motivational causes of leisure mobility. Thirdly and finally, it aims to estimate the damaging effects upon the environment that have been calculated here for the first time in a way that is lifestyle-specific. The intention is that the target group-specific results should yield conclusions that lead to a reduction in environmental damage caused by leisure traffic (including short breaks).
  Götz, K.; Loose, W.; Schmied, M.; Schubert, S. (2002)
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• EcoTopTen

  The Initiative
  
  The overall objective of the EcoTopTen project is to develop and market sustainable products and services for the mass market – supported by consumer research and a major image campaign. EcoTopTen products are highquality, affordable and – of course – green. The campaign focusses on around 30 products in ten product fields of particular relevance in terms of environmental impact. The production, use and disposal of these products currently cause around two-thirds of total environmental impacts in Germany.
  v. A. (2002)
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• Power Generation Market Concentration in Europe 1996-2000

  An empirical Analysis
  
  The liberalisation of the European power market has significantly changed the framework of the electricity industry. The process of market opening and securing fair, transparent and sustainable third party access is still under way. But (incomplete) liberalisation can be thwarted by concentration trends in the electricity generation market.
  Matthes, F.; Poetzsch, S. (2002)
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• White Paper for the Reform of Chemicals Policy: From Concept to Implementation

  Requirements, Experiences and Perspectives in Relation to Information Flow
  
  To investigate the "Organisation of information flow in the product chain", the Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. or VCI (German Chemical Industry Association) together with some of its member associations is carrying out the "Product Chain Chemicals Policy" project. In August 2000, the Öko-Institut e.V. was commissioned by the VCI to direct the working groups established as part of this project and supply content input. Four working groups were set up, each of which examined a specific substance or group of substances by way of example. The member associations of the VCI that participated in the discussions were the Association of the Plastics Processing Industry (VKE), Association of the Printing Ink Industry, Association of the Paint Industry (VdL) and Industrial Association for Organic Colorants and Pigments (IFOP). Manufacturers, traders and downstream users were also represented in the working groups. The names of the participants are given in Appendix 6 at the end of this Report. The activities of the working groups were guided by a project steering committee, which was composed of representatives of companies and the management of the VCI and trade associations (see also Appendix 6). In the steering committee, a supervisor was appointed for each working group.
  Bunke, D.; Ebinger, F. (2002)
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• Final Report for the preparation of an option on the proposed Directive on the Implementation of EU-wide Emission Trading COM(2001) 581

  The Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) and the Öko-Institut - Institute for Applied Ecology on behalf of the Ministry for the Environment and Transport of the German State Baden-Württemberg have reviewed the planned Directive on an EU-wide emissions trading scheme (COM(2001) 581). We have tried to tackle the main topics of discussion between the various interest groups.
  Cames, M.; Stronzik, M. (2002)
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• Environment and Tourism

  A basic scientific report for the German federal government
  
  The goal of this basic report is, proceeding from an analysis of the problem, to devise recommendations for action to make tourism more environmentally sound. More specifically, the aim is to identify the environmental effects of tourism in Germany as well as examples of the environmental impacts caused by German tourists abroad; proceeding from that basis, to propose required actions and to recommend measures and tools for the more environmentally sound development of tourism.
  Schmied, M.; Buchert, M.; Hochfeld, C.; Schmitt, B. (2001)
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• Security of Supply - A challenge for Energy policy in Europe

  On November 29th, 2000, the European Commission adopted the Green Paper, Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply, and called for a broad process of discussion. To structure the debate, the Commission presented a questionnair comprising 13 questions. The Green Paper and the questionnaire both focus on the security of energy supply as their starting point, but can also be regarded as a rough outline for a common European energy policy. In addition to the basic issue of extensive energy policy responsibilities for the European Union, the debate centres on further issues concerning reappraisal of nuclear energy and interaction with the areas of liberalization and climate protection policies.
  Matthes, F. (2001)
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• Analysis of observed adverse effects from the release of genetically modified organisms

  When it comes to identifying signs of (undesirable) environmental effects of transgenic organisms release experiments occupy a central role. This is why the gathering, communication, and discussion of release data relevant for the environment should be of central importance. Gathering of such data is faced with certain difficulties: it is estimated that world-wide ecological data are only collected in less than 1 % of releases of genetically modified organisms.
  Tappeser, B.; Eckelkamp, C.; Weber, B. (2000)
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• Instruments and Options for Environmental Policy during the Accession Processof EU Associated Countries in the Area of Environment and Energy

  With regard to the leading role of the EU in climate protection policies, it is important to consider the impact of the accession process on EU climate policy. This study includes the analysis of the most important issues related to environment and energy within the accession process.
  Cames, M.; Matthes, F.; Bär, S.; Oberthür, S.; Krug, M.; Mez; L.; Tempel, S. (2000)
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• Who owns biological diversity?

  A Brief Description of the Debate over the Rights to Biological Diversity in the North-South Context
  
  In 1992 at the environmental summit in Rio de Janeiro, the Convention on Biological Diversity was finally approved to work against the erosion of genetic diversity within species which accompanies the intensification of breeding and the global success of high-yield varieties, as well as the general loss of species occasioned by industrialization and environmental pollution, all of which have taken on dangerous proportions since the 1950s. This was the first internationally binding agreement obligating all member countries to undertake measures to protect bio-logical diversity. By mid-1999, the Convention had been signed by 175 countries. As such, the Convention has more member countries than the World Trade Organization (134). Partially due to intensive lobbying by the American biotechnology industry, the USA have thus far not become a signatory to the Convention. As early as 1983, an international agreement was reached under the leadership of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), which specifically addresses the conservation of plant genetic resources. However, the "International Undertaking for Plant Genetic Resources" is thus far not yet legally binding. It was decided in 1993 to revise the document. The technology conference, which took place in Leipzig in 1996 and was organized within the scope of the "Undertaking," represented an important step toward integrating these two international agreements. The revisions are due to be completed by the end of 2000, and will lead to a legally binding agreement which will possibly become a part of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  Tappeser, B.; Baier, A. (2000)
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• A Comparison of Agri-Environmental Schemes in Great Britain and Germany

  Implementation of EU-Regulation No. 2078/92
  
  The theme of the study “A comparison of agri-environmental schemes in Great Britain and Germany – Implementation of Regulation 2078/92” has been developed out of the idea to work out the strategies of agri-environmental schemes in different countries.
  (2000)
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• A New Energy Policy for Sweden: Key elements of a sustainable energy future

  Fritsche, U. R.; Cames, M.; Lücking, G. (1998)
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